tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29962174993434569272023-11-15T08:57:38.832-08:00novi puspita widianandasatu untuk semuaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-60232098454949443742012-07-31T09:15:00.000-07:002012-07-31T09:15:10.078-07:00hukum kekekalan massa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari tentu kita dapat melihat reaksi kimia. Misalnya saja pada kurun
waktu tertentu di udara terbuka sepotong besi dibiarkan maka akan berubah
menjadi karat besi. Selain itu juga pada kayu ataupun kertas jika dibakar akan
menghasilkan atau berubah menjadi abu.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Seorang ilmuan Prancis yang bernama Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) pada tahun 1779 melakukan eksperimen, yaitu
percobaan reaksi antara logam raksa dengan oksigen dari udara. Lavoisier
memanaskan logam raksa dengan udara dalam suatu bejana tertutup dan diperoleh
fakta bahwa raksa bereaksi dengan bagian dari udara yaitu oksigen. Melalui
pemeriksaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">terhadap massa raksa dan massa oksigen
yang bereaksi, diketahui bahwa setiap 100 grain raksa (1 grain = 5,3 gram)
bereaksi dengan 8 grain oksigen dan menghasilkan 108 grain oksida raksa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">raksa<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oksigen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>raksa (II) oksida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Hg<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O<sub>2<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></sub>→<sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2 HgO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">200 gram<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>16 gram<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>216 gram</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(sebelum reaksi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(sesudah reaksi)</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 605px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.5pt;" valign="top" width="375">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum
Lavoisier dalam logika sederhana digambarkan oleh perempumaan pada gambar
disamping. Menunjukan bahwa massa sebelum reaksi dan sesudak reaksi adalah
sama. Itulah prinsip dasar </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 172.1pt;" valign="top" width="229">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="206" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.0cm;" valign="top" width="605">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">hukum Lavoiser. Hal ini membuktikan
bahwa massa zat-zat yang direaksikan sama dengan massa zat-zat setelah
direaksikan. Kenyataan ini menggambarkan adanya kekekalan massa dalam suatu
reaksi kimia sehingga lahirlah <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hukum kekekalan massa </i></b>atau<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
hukum Lavoiser. </i></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan
prinsip ini, kimia maju di arah yang benar. Hukum kekekalan massa atau dikenal
juga sebagai hukum Lomonosov-Lavoisier adalah suatu hukum yang menyatakan massa
dari suatu sistem tertutup akan konstan meskipun terjadi berbagai macam proses
di dalam sistem tersebut. Pernyataan yang umum digunakan untuk menyatakan hukum
kekekalan massa adalah massa dapat berubah bentuk tetapi tidak dapat diciptakan
atau dimusnahkan. Untuk suatu proses kimiawi di dalam suatu sistem tertutup,
massa dari reaktan harus sama dengan massa produk.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana hubungan
hukum kekekalan massa dengan penulisan persamaan reaksi? Tentu sangat relevan.
Dalam konteks tertentu, kita harus mampu menyetarakan persamaan reaksi.
Persamaan reaksi dikatakan setara apabila jumlah unsur atau jumlah atom sebelum
dan sesudah reaksi adalah sama. Itulah aturan dalam penulisan persamaan reaksi.
Apabila jumlah atom sama antara sebelum dan sesudah reaksi, maka jumlah
massanya akan sama juga.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perhatikan persamaan reaksi pembentukan
air di bawah ini!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2H<sub>2(g)</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>O<sub>2(g)</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1 molekul<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 molekul</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>1 mol<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 mol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2 x 2(1) g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1 x 2(16) g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2 x (2(1) + 16) g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">= 4 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 32 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= 36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah = 36 g
(pereaksi)<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>jumlah
= 36 g (produk)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lembar
Kerja Siswa</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapakah massa kalsium hidroksida jika
direaksikan dengan 6,97 g asam fosfat sehingga dihasilkan 11,02 g kalsium
fosfat dan 3,84 g air?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>
+ 2H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> → Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> +
6H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,97 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11,02 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,84 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">massa
zat sebelum reaksi = massa zat sesudah reaksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x
+ 6,97 g = 11,02 g + 3,84 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">x
+ 6,97 g = 14,86 g</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 7,89 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi,
massa kalsium hidroksida sebesar 7,89 g.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebanyak 32 g CH<sub>4</sub> dibakar
dengan 128 g O<sub>2</sub> menghasilkan CO<sub>2</sub> dan H<sub>2</sub>O
menurut persamaan : CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentukan
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa CO<sub>2</sub> jika massa H<sub>2</sub>O
sebesar 72 g?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buktikan kebenaran hukum Lavoisier!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
CH<sub>4</sub> + massa O<sub>2</sub> = 32 g + 128 g</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 160 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Massa
CO<sub>2</sub> = 160 g – 72 g = 88 g</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
(CH<sub>4 </sub>+ O<sub>2</sub>) = massa (CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>32 g + 128 g = 88 g + 72 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>160 g = 160 g
(terbukti)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 g karbon dapat bereaksi dengan 8 g
oksigen membentuk 11 g karbon dioksida. Jika 24 g karbon bereaksi dengan 64 g
oksigen, akan terbentuk karbon dioksida sebanyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa sebelum bereaksi = massa
setelah reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>O<sub>2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>→ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24 g <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>64 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>x
gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>x
gram = (24+64) gram + 88 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadi, CO<sub>2</sub> yang terbentuk sebanyak 88 gram.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diketahui reaksi : Fe + S → FeS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika besi sebanyak 28 g bereaksi
dengan belerang dihasilkan 44 g besi(II)sulfida, massa belerang sebesar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fe <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>S <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>→ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>FeS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>28 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>?<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>44 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa S = massa FeS – massa Fe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= (44-28) gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">= 16 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalsium karbonat direaksikan dengan 5,81
g asam klorida menghasilkan kalsium klorida, air, dan gas karbon dioksida. Jika
massa produk yang terbentuk sebesar 13,78 g massa kalsium karbonat yang
direaksikan sebesar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2
HCl <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>→ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CaCl<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 93.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Y
g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>5,81 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13,78 g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Y
gram = (13,78 – 5,81) g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Y
= 7,97 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadi, massa CaCO<sub>3 </sub>yang direaksikan sebesar 7,97
gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika 11,2 g Fe habis bereaksi dengan 4,8
g O<sub>2 </sub>menurut persamaan reaksi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4Fe<sub>(s)</sub>
+ 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2 Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
zat hasil reaksi yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
pereaksi = massa hasil reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
Fe + massa O<sub>2</sub> = massa Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11,2
g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= 16 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi,
massa zat hasil reaksi Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> adalah sebesar 16 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi antara etanol (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH)
sebanyak 11,5 g dengan 24 g gas oksigen menghasilkan 22 g CO<sub>2</sub> dan H<sub>2</sub>O
sebesar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3O<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2CO<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>11,5 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>24
g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa H<sub>2</sub>O = {(11,5 + 24)
– 22} gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 13,5 gram<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebanyak 0,4 g gas hidrogen dan 19 g
magnesium klorida akan terbentuk jika 4,8 g magnesium direaksikan dengan asam
klorida sebanyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mg<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2HCl<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>→<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>MgCl<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>+<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4,8 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>0,4
g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa HCl = {(19 + 0,4) – 4,8} gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 14,6 gram<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi pembakaran 6,5 g logam seng yang menghasilkan
8,1 g seng oksida memerlukan oksigen sebanyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 Zn<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>→ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2
ZnO</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,5 g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> ?<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>8,1
g</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa O<sub>2</sub> = massa ZnO –
massa Zn</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
(8,1 – 6,5) gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
1,6 gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Magnesium
oksida sebanyak 20 g setelah diuraikan menghasilkan 8 g oksigen dan magnesium
murni. Massa magnesium murni yang diperoleh sebanyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyelesaian
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
MgO <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>→ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2Mg<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20
g<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>8
g</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
Mg = massa MgO – massa O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= (20 – 8) gram</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 12 gram</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-15519917190882620292012-07-13T05:13:00.000-07:002012-07-13T05:13:36.477-07:00makalah biokim tentang lipid<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Puji
syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat serta
karunia-Nya kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sehingga </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kami</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini
tepat pada waktunya yang berjudul </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">“Lipid”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Makalah ini berisikan
tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pengertian lipid/lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jenis dan sumber
lipid/lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> serta f</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ungsi
dan sifat lipid/lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> itu sendiri. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diharapkan Makalah
ini dapat memberikan informasi kepada
kita semua tentang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lipid.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Akhir
kata, saya sampaikan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berperan serta
dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Semoga Makalah ini dapat memberikan informasi bagi
semua pihak yang memerlukan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Palangkaraya,
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Maret</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="EN-US">2011</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyusun</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.......................................................................................................... i</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">......................................................................................................................... ii</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">LATAR
BELAKANG</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.................................................................................................... 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TUJUAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.......................................................................................................................... 2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH................................................................................................ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">RUANG
LINGKUP........................................................................................................ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1 ............................................................................................................................ DEFINISI
LIPID</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JENIS
DAN SUMBER LIPID</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">....................................................................................... 4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KLASIFIKASI
DAN SIFAT LIPID</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................. 10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SIFAT
FISIK DAN KIMIA LIPID</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">............................................................................... 12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">FUNGSI
LIPID</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.............................................................................................................. 13</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III PENUTUP</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1
Kesimpulan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">....................................................................................................................... 14</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2
Saran................................................................................................................................. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">14</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.......................................................................................................... 15</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara
umum senyawa yang disebut lipid dapat diartikan sebagai suatu senyawa yang
dalam pelarut tidak larut dalam air, namun dapat larut dalam pelarut organik,
contohnya benzen, eter, dan kloroform. Suatu lipid tersusun atas asam lemak dan
gliserol. Berbagai kelas lipid dihubungkan satu nama lain berdasarkan komponen
dasarnya, sumber penghasilnya, kandungan asam lemaknya maupun sifat-sifat
kimianya. Kebanyakan lipid ditemukan dalam kombinasi dengan senyawa sederhana
lainnya (seperti ester lilin, trigliserida, steril ester dan fosfolipid),
kombinasi dengan karbohidrat (glikolipid), kombinasi dengan protein (lipoprotein).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid
adalah nama suatu golongan senyawa organik yang meliputi sejumlah senyawa yang
terdapat di alam yang semuanya dapat larut dalam pelarut-pelarut organik. Pelarut
organik yang dimaksud adalah pelarut organik nonpolar, seperti benzen, pentana,
dietil eter, dan karbon tetraklorida. Dengan pelarut-pelarut tersebut lipid
dapat diekstraksi dari sel dan jaringan tumbuhan ataupun hewan. Lipid
didefinisikan sebagai senyawa yang tak larut dalam air yang diekstrak dari
organisme hidup menggunakan pelarut yang kepolarannya lemah atau pelarut non
polar. Definisi ini berdasarkan atas sifat fisik, berlawanan dengan definisi
protein, karbohidrat, maupun asam nukleat yang berdasarkan atas struktur
kimianya. Istilah lipid mencakup berbagai macam kelompok senyawa yang
berbeda-beda strukturnya. Seperti halnya karbohidrat dan protein, lemak
merupakan sumber energi bagi tubuh. Besarnya energi yang dihasilkan per gram
lemak adalah lebih besar dari energi yang dihasilkan oleh 1 gram karbohidrat
atau 1 gram protein. 1 gram lemak menghasilkan 9 kalori (kal).Lemak dalam
makanan merupakan campuran lemak heterogen yang sebagian besar terdiri dari
trigliserida. Triglesirida disebut lemak jika pada suhu ruang berbentuk
padatan, dan disebut minyak jika pada suhu ruang berbentuk cairan. Triglesirida
merupakan campuran asam-asam lemak, biasanya dengan panjang rantai karbon
sebanyak 12-22 dengan jumlah ikatan rangkap dari 0-4. Dalam lemak makanan juga
terdapat sejumlah kecil fosfolipid, sfingolipid, kolesterol, dan fitosterol.
Lemak yang akan dibicarakan disini adalah lemak netral yang merupakan ester
dari gliserol dan asam lemak. Gliserol mempunyai 3 gugusan hidroksil dimana
masing-masing akan mengikat 1 molekul asam lemak yang disebut trigliserol. Lipid
mengacu pada golongan senyawa hidrokarbon alifatik nonpolar dan hidrofobik.
Karena nonpolar, seperti alkohol, eter, atau kloroform. Fungsi biologis
terpenting lipid diantaranya untuk menyimpan energi, sebagai komponen
struktural membran sel, dan sebagai pensinyalan molekul.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.2 Tujuan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun
tujuan dari makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk mengetahui dan
memahami pengertian lipid/lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui jenis dan
sumber lipid/lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengetahui Fungsi dan
sifat lipid/lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
permasalahan yang terurai diatas maka penulis membuat rumusan masalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa saja jenis dan
sumber Lipid atau lemak?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana karakteristik
dan sifat fisik dan kimia Lipid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa saja fungsi Lipid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruang
Lingkup</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruang lingkup dalam
makalah ini mengurai tentang jenis-jenis dan sumber lipid beserta fungsinya
serta mengurai tentang karakteristik dan sifat Lipid</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1 Definisi Lipid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara umum, Lipid merujuk pada
sekelompok besar molekul-molekul alam yang terdiri atas unsur-unsur karbon,
hidrogen, dan oksigen meliputin asam lemak, malam, sterol, vitamin-vitamin yang
larut di dalam lemak, monogliserida,digliserida, fosfolipid, glikolipid,
terpenoid (termasuk di dalamnya getah dan steroid) dan lain-lain. Lipid
didefinisikan sebagai senyawa yang tak larut dalam air yang tak larut dalam air
yang diekstrak dari organisme hidup menggunakan pelarut yang kepolarannya lemah
atau pelarut non polar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid adalah nama suatu golongan senyawa
organik yang meliputi sejumlah senyawa yang terdapat di alam yang semuanya
dapat larut dalam pelarut-pelarut organik tetapi sukar larut atau tidak larut
dalam air. Pelarut organik yang dimaksud
adalah pelarut organik non polar, seperti benzene, pentane, dietil eter, dan
karbon tetraklorida. Dengan pelarut-pelarut tersebut lipid dapat diekstraksi
dari sel dan jaringan tumbuhan ataupun hewan. Lipid kompleks meliputi sub
kelompok-kelompok yang mudah terhidrolisis menjadi zat-zat penyusun yang lebih
sederhana, yaitu lilin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">waxes</i>) dan
gliserida. Komponen-komponen campuran lipid dapat difraksionasi lebih lanjut
dengan menggunakan perbedaan kelarutannya disalam berbagai pelarut
organik.Sebagai contoh : Fosfolipid dapat dipisahkan dari sterol dan lemak
netral atas dasar ketidaklarutannya di dalam aseton. Suatu reaksi yang sangat
berguna untuk fraksionasi lipid adalah reaksi penyabunan, Alkali menghidrolisa
lipid kompleks dan menghasilkan sabun dari komponen yang mengandung asam-asam
lemak yang dapat diesterkan.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jenis dan sumber Lipid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu komponen lemak adalah asam lemak. Menurut ada atau
tidaknya ikatan rangkap yang dikandung asam lemak, maka asam lemak dibagi
menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
lemak jenuh (Cn H<sub>2</sub>n O<sub>2</sub>), Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam lemak jenuh merupakan asam lemak yang mempunyai ikatan
tunggal atom karbon (C) dimana masing-masing atom ini akan berikatan dengan
atom H. contohnya adalah asam butirat (C<sub>4</sub>), asam kaproat (C<sub>6</sub>),
asam kapritat (C<sub>8</sub>), dan asam kaprat (C<sub>10</sub>). Umumnya sampai
dengan C<sub>10</sub> ini sifat asam lemak adalah cair dan mulai C<sub>12</sub>
sampai C<sub>24</sub> bersifat padat. C<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>12</sub> dan
lain-lain menunjukkan jumlah atom karbon yang terikat dalam rantai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sehubungan dengan jumlah atom C dalam asam lemak, maka kita mengenal
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
lemak berantai pendek, yaitu bila atom C yang terikat sebanyak 4-6 buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
lemak berantai sedang, yaitu bila atom C yang terikat sebanyak 8-12 buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
lemak berantai panjang, yaitu bila atom C yang terikat sebanyak 12-24 buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Asam lemak jenuh berasal dari berbagai sumber asam lemak
diantaranya :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Macam Asam</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak Jenuh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumbernya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rantai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fisik</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.95pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam laurat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam miristat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam palmitat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam stearat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam arakhidat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam behenat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam lignoserat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam butirat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam kaproat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam kaprilat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam kaprat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.35pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak nabati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak nabati dan hewani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak nabati dan hewani 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kacang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kacang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kacang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak salam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>12</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>14</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>16</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>18</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>20</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>22</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>24</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>6</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>8</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>10</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
lemak tak jenuh tunggal (MUFA / C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>nO<sub>2</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal merupakan asam lemak yang selalu
mengandung 1 ikatan rangkap antara 2 atom C dengan kehilangan paling sedikit 2
atom H. Contohnya adalah asam burat, asam palmitoleat (C<sub>12</sub>), dan
asam oleat (C<sub>18</sub>) umumnya banyak terdapat pada lemak nabati atau
hewani. Sumber dari asam lemak tidak jenuh dengan ikatan rangkap tunggal (MUFA,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid</i>) dapat
dilihat dalam tabel berikut</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 601px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.65pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Macamnya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.65pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang Rantai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat Fisik</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 43.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.65pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Palmitoleat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.65pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
nabati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
hewani</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>16</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 105.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.65pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Oleat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 105.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.65pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
nabati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
hewani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">75%
minyak live</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">30%
Lemak babi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">40%
Lemak Sapi dan domba</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 105.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.9pt;" valign="top" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>18</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 105.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam
Lemak tak Jenuh poli (PUFA,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poly
Unsaturated Fatty Acid</i>) (CNH<sub>2</sub>n)<sup>2</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam lemak tak jenuh dengan ikatan rangkap banyak merupakan
asam lemak yang mengandung lebih dari 1 ikatan rangkap.Asam lemak ini akan
kehilangan paling sedikit 4 atom H.Contohnya adalah asam lemak linoleat (C<sub>18</sub>)
berikatan rangkap dua, asam lemak eleostearat (C<sub>18</sub>) berikatan
rangkap tiga, dan lain sebagainya.PUFA disebut juga sebagai asam lemak
essensial (EFA, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Essensial Fatty Acid</i>)
sumber dari asam lemak tak jenuh poli disajikan dalam tabel berikut :</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.2pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Macamnya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.3pt;" valign="top" width="238"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.7pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Panjang Rantai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat fisik</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.2pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Linoleat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.3pt;" valign="top" width="238"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10%
dalam adpokat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20%
- 30% dalam kacang atau lemak ayam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">50%
- 60% dalam minyak jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">70%
dalam minyak kapas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.7pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>18</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.2pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam eleostearat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.3pt;" valign="top" width="238"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
Sapi, lemak ayam dan lemak nabati</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.7pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>18</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.2pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam Linolenat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.3pt;" valign="top" width="238"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20%
dalam hati, lemak babi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7%
dalam kacang kedelai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.7pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>18</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.2pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam arakhidonat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.3pt;" valign="top" width="238"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
hewani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
kacang tanah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.7pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C<sub>20</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -53.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel Kandungan SFA,MUFA, dan PUFA berbagai jenis lemak</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenis Lemak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">SFA (%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">MUFA (%)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PUFA (%)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Kelapa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">90</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Sawit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">47</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">43</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Kacang Tanah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">65</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">18</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Jagung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">32</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">55</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Kedelai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">55</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.3pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.45pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak Ikan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.8pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20-35</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.65pt;" valign="top" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20-55</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.75pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">20-50</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam konteks ilmu gizi lemak yang ideal untuk dikonsumsi
sebagai bahan pemenuhan gizi lemak adalah lemak yang mempunyai ratio PUFA/SFA
> 4.PUFA (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid,
</i>Asam Lemak Tidak Jenuh Rantai Banyak) merupakan asam lemak yang bersahabat
karena mempunyai efek hipokolesterolemik. Sedangkan SFA (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Saturated Fatty Acid,</i> Asam lemak Jenuh) merupakan asam lemak jahat
karena bersifat aterosklerogenik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak dan minyak mempunyai beberapa jenis diantaranya adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak
goreng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Minyak goreng yang berfungsi sebagai penghantar panas,
penambah cita rasa gurih, dan penambah nilai kalori bahan pangan. Minyak goreng
ketika digunakan untuk menggoreng akan mengalami proses hidrolisis Gliserol. Dimana
gliserol oleh panas akan dihidrolisis menjadi akrolein dan air. Dalam beberapa
hal hasil hidrolisis ini akan mengalami oksidasi menjadi asam lemak teroksidasi
yang dapat membahayakan kesehatan manusia. Lemak dan minyak yang baik untuk
digunakan sebagai minyak goreng adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleostearin
dan oil yang bersumber pada lemak sapi yang diproses dengan cara rendering pada
suhu rendah. Lemak yang dihasilkan dipertahankan pada suhu 32</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">⁰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C sehingga terbentuk Kristal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
nabati yang dihidrogenasi dengan titik cair 35-40</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">⁰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mentega
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mentega merupakan emulsi air dalam minyak dengan kira-kira
18% air terdispersi didalam 80% lemak dengan sejumlah kecil protein yang
bertindak sebagai zat pengemulsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Margarin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Margarin juga merupakan emulsi air dalam minyak>Lemak yang
digunakan berasal dari lemak hewani atau nabati, seperti lemak babi dan sapi. Sedangkan
lemak nabati yang digunakan adalah minyak kelapa, minyak kelapa sawit, minyak
kedelai dan minyak biji kapas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Shortening
/Mentega Putih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Merupakan lemak padat yang mempunyai sifat plastis dan
kestabilan tertentu. Umumnya berwarna putih, bahan ini dieroleh dari hasil
campuran dua atau lebih lemak atau dengan cara hidrogenasi. Mentega ini dapat
digunakan pada pembuatan cake dan kue yang dipanggang. Fungsinya adalah untuk
memperbaiki cita rasa, struktur, tekstur keempukan, dan memperbesar volume kue
atau roti. Berdasarkan pada pembuatannya, ada tiga macam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shortening</i> yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Compound,hydrogenated</i>,
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">high ratio shortening.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak
gajih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Merupakan lemak yang diperoleh dari jaringan lemak ternak
sapi atau kambing, terdapat pada rongga perut. Biasanya akan menghasilkan lemak
gajih yang bermutu tinggi. Kerusakan lemak yang utama adalah timbulnya
ketengikan yang disebabkan oleh auto-oksidasi asam lemak tidak jenuh akibat
pemanasan yang akan membentuk hidroperoksida dan radikal bebas. Bau tengik yang
muncul disebabkan oleh panas menjadi keton yang volatile.Untuk mencegah
ketengikan dalam proses yang menggunakan minyak atau lemak jaringan menggunakan
wadah dari besi (Fe) atau tembaga (Cu), karena keduanya dapat menyebabkan
oksidasi. Disamping itu juga dapat digunakan antioksidan seperti vitamin E,
fosfatida, asam askorbat, dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Klasifikasi dan sifat Lipid</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa-senyawa
yang termasuk lipid dapat dibagi dalam beberapa golongan. Ada beberapa cara
penggolongan yang dikenal. Bloor membagi lipid dalam tiga golongan besar, yaitu
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Klasifikasi
lipid menurut Bloor ada 3 antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid Sederhana </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid
Sederhana merupakan senyawa ester asam lemak dengan berbagai alkohol, sedangkan
lemak merupakan ester dalam asam lemak dengan gliserol. Lemak cair disebut
minyak, Malam /wax : senyawa ester asam lemak dengan alkohol monohidrat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid Kompleks </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid
Kompleks merupakan senyawa ester asam lemak yang mengandung gugus lain
disamping alkohol dan asam lemak. Fosfolipid : selain mengandung asam lemak dan
alkohol, juga mengandung residu asam fosfat. Glikolipid : mengandung asam
lemak, sfingosin, karbohidrat,Sulfolipid, aminolipid dan lipoprotein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Derivat lipid (Asam
lemak, gliserol, steroid,aldehid,keton, vitamin larut lemak (ADEK),hormon
Aligliserol (gliserida), kolestrol dan ester kolesteril, tidak bermuatan Lipid
Netral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Disamping
itu berdasarkan sifat kimianya yang penting, lipid dapat dibagi dalam dua
golongan besar, yaitu lipid yang dapat dibagi dalam dua golongan besar, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lipid yang dapat disabunkan</i>, yakni yang
dapat dihidrolisis dengan basa contohnya lemak dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lipid yang tidak dapat disabunkan</i> contohnya adalah steroid. Lipid
seperti lilin (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wax</i>), lemak,minyak,
dan fosfolipid adalah ester yang jika dihidrolisis dapat menghasilkan asam
lemak dan senyawa lainnya termasuk alkohol. Steroid tidak mengandung asam
leemak dan tidak dapat dihidrolisis.Sebagian besar lemak dan minyak dialam
terdiri atas 98-99% trigliserida. Trigliserida adalah suatu ester gliserol yang
terbentuk dari 3 asam lemak dan gliserol. Apabila terdapat suatu asam lemak
dalam ikatan dengan gliserol maka dinamakan monogliserida. Fungsi utama
Trigliserida adalah sebagai zat energi, lemak disimpan di dalam tubuh dalam
bentuk trigliserida. Apabila sel membutuhkan energi, enzim lipase dalam sel
lemak akan memecah trigliserida menjadi gliserol dan asam lemak serta
melepasnya ke dalam pembuluh darah oleh sel-sel yang membutuhkan
komponen-komponen tersebut kemudian dibakar dan menghasilkan energi,
karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). Kolestrol adalah
jenis lemak yang paling dikenal oleh masyarakat. Kolestrol merupakan komponen
utama pada struktur selaput sel dan merupakan komponen utama sel otak dan
saraf. Kolestrol merupakan bahan perantara untuk pembentukan sejumlah komponen
penting seperti Vitamin D (untuk membentuk dan mempertahankan tulang yang
sehat), hormone seks (contohnya Estrogen & Testosteron) dan asam empedu
(untuk fungsi pencernaan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid
memiliki reaksi kimia yang khas, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hidrolisis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hidrolisis
Lipid seperti triasilgliserol dapat dilakukan secara enzimatik dengan bantuan
lipase, menghasilkan asam-asam lemak dan gliserol.Sifat lipase pancreas dapat
dimanfaatkan yang lebih suka memecahkan ikatan ester pada posisi 1 dan 3
daripada posisi 2 dari triasilgliserol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyabunan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hidrolisis
lemak oleh alkali disebut peyabunan, yang dihasilkan adalah gliserol dan garam
alkali asam lemak yang disebut sabun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penguraian (kerusakan,
ketengikan ) Lipid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketengikan
adalah perubahan kimia yang menimbulkan bau dan rasa tidak enak pada lemak. Penyebabnya
antara lain auto oksidasi, hidrolisis dan kegiatan bakteri. Oksigen udara
dianggap menyerang ikatan rangkap pada asam lemak untuk membentuk ikatan
peroksida. Dengan demikian bilangan yodium turun, walaupun sedikit asam lemak
bebas dan gliserol dilepaskan.Timbal atau tembaga mengkatalisis ketengikan. Mengasingkan
oksigen atau menambah zat antioksidan menghambat proses ketengikan. Radikal-radikal
bebas dihasilkan selama pembentukan peroksida, dna ini dapat merusak
jaringan-jaringan hidup kecuali terdapat antioksidan, misalnya tokoferol
(Vitamin E) yang bereaksi radikal-radikal bebas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Lipid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat-sifat fisika Lipid yaitu tidak
berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak ada rasa, berat jenis lebih besar dari air,
tidak mudah larut dalam air, untuk ekstraksi minyak eteris pada pembuatan
parfum. Sedangkan sifat kimianya adalah dapat terjadi rancidity (tengik);
dihidrolisa oleh pemanasan tinggi; hidrogensi minyak; transesterifikasi. Lipid
berkarakteristik sebagai biomolekul organik yang tidak larut atau sedikit larut
dalam air dan dapat diekstraksi dengan pelarut non-polar seperti khloroform, eter,
benzene, heksana, aseton dan alkohol panas. Dimasa lalu, lemak bukan merupakan
subjek yang menarik untuk riset biokimia, karena kesukarannya dalam meneliti
senyawa yang tidak larut dalam air dan berfungsi sebagai cadangan energi dan komponen
struktural dari membran, lemak dianggap tidak memiliki peranan metabolik
beragam seperti yang dimiliki biomolekul lain, contohnya karbohidrat dan asam
amino. Namun dewasa ini, riset lemak merupakan subjek yang paling menawan dari
riset biokimia, khususnya dalam penelitian molekuler mengenai membran. Pernah
diduga sebagai struktur lembam (inert), dewasa ini membrane dikenal secara
fungsional sebagai dinamik dan suatu pengertian molelkular dari fungsi
selularnya merupakan kunci untuk menjelaskan berbagai komponen biologi yang
penting, contohnya sistem transport aktif dan respon seluler terhadap rangsang
luar. Jaringan bawah kulit disekitar perut, jaringan lemak sekitar ginjal
mengandung banyak lipid terutama lemak kira-kira sekitar 90%, dalam jaringan
otak atau dalam telur terdapat lipid kira-kira sebesar 7,5-30%. Suatu asam
lemak merupakan suatu rantai hidrokarbon dengan suatu gugusan karboksil
terminal, telah diidentifikasi lebih dari 70 asam lemak yang tersedia di alam. Walaupun
asam lemak berantai pendek, contohnya asam lemak berantai empat atau enam
adalah lazim ditemukan, namun triasilgliserol utama pada tumbuh-tumbuhan
memiliki asam lemak dengan jumlah atom karbon genap, dengan panjang 14 hingga
22 karbon. Asam lemak jenuh tidak mengandung ikatan ganda C=C dalam strukturnya,
sementara asam lemak tidak jenuh memiliki satu atau lebih ikatan ganda, yang
kadang-kadang berada dalam konfigurasi geometris cis. Asam lemak tidak jenuh
paling melimpah memiliki satu atau dua ikatan ganda (masing-masing, asam lemak
monoenat dan dienoat) namun, asam lemak olefenik dengan tiga (trienoat) dan
empat (tetraenoat) ikatan ganda juga ditemukan secara alamiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -57.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.5<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Fungsi Lipid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemak mempunyai fungsi yang cukup banyak, fungsi tersebut
terbagi menjadi dua fungsi, yaitu fungsi utama dan fungsi lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi
Utama :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
penghasil energi, dimana tiap gram lemak menghasilkan sekitar 9 sampai 9,3
kalori. Energi yang berlebihan dalam tubuh disimpan dalam jaringan adipose
sebagai energi potensial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
pembangun/pembentuk susunan tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelindung
kehilangan panas tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
penghasil asam lemak essensial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
pelarut vitamin A,D,E, dan K</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungsi
lainnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
pengelumas diantara persendian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
penangguh perasaan lapar sehubungan dengan dicernanya lemak lebih lama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
pemberi cita rasa dan keharuman yang lebih baik pada makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
agen pengemulsi yang akan mempermudah transpor substansi lemak keluar masuk
melalui membran sel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
precursor dari protaglandiun yang berperan mengatur tekanan darah, denyut
jantung dan lipolisis.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 57pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 57pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 77.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun
kesimpulan dari makalah ini adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lipid adalah nama suatu
golongan senyawa organik yang meliputi sejumlah senyawa yang terdapat di alam
yang semuanya dapat larut dalam pelarut-pelarut organik tetapi sukar larut atau
tidak larut dalam air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jenis dan sumber Lipid Yaitu
asam lemak jenuh, asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal dan asam lemak tak jenuh poli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fungi utama lipid yaitu
sebagai <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">penghasil energi, pembangun/pembentuk
susunan tubuh</span>, p<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">elindung kehilangan panas
tubuh, penghasil asam lemak essensial</span> dan sebagai <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> pelarut vitamin
A,D,E, dan K. Sedangkan, untuk s</span>ifat-sifat fisika Lipid yaitu tidak
berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak ada rasa, berat jenis lebih besar dari air,
tidak mudah larut dalam air, untuk ekstraksi minyak eteris pada pembuatan
parfum. Sedangkan sifat kimianya adalah dapat terjadi rancidity (tengik);
dihidrolisa oleh pemanasan tinggi; hidrogensi minyak; transesterifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 77.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -77.7pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam penyusunan makalah ini Penulis
mohon dengan sangat masukan dan kritikan dari Bapak Dosen agar menjadi lebih
baik lagi, karena dalam penyusunan makalah ini kami, mungkin banyak kata atau
penulisan kata yang salah.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Budiyanto Agus Krisno. 2001. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Gizi.</i> Malang : Penerbit UMM press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ngill, Yohanes. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biokimia
Dasar.</i> Bandung : Rekayasa Sains.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fmipa/kimia-Juliati.pdf">http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fmipa/kimia-Juliati.pdf</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://oc.its.ac.id/ambilfile.php?idp=20">http://oc.its.ac.id/ambilfile.php?idp=20</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolesterol">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolesterol</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://jlcome.blogspot.com/2007/10/lipid.html">http://jlcome.blogspot.com/2007/10/lipid.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://naynienay.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/lipid/">http://naynienay.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/lipid/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://static.schoolrack.com/29909/1-aspek_kimia_tubuh.doc">http://static.schoolrack.com/29909/1-aspek_kimia_tubuh.doc</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://elisa.ugm.ac.id/files/chimera73/QE6JZahQ/Lipid.pdf">http://elisa.ugm.ac.id/files/chimera73/QE6JZahQ/Lipid.pdf</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.dunia-mikro.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/kuliah-">http://www.dunia-mikro.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/kuliah-</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-3492913536295583682012-07-13T04:06:00.001-07:002012-07-13T04:06:10.802-07:00Perkembangan Teori Atom dan Partikel Penyusunnya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Teori Atom</span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atom adalah <span style="background: white; color: black;">bagian terkecil dari suatu zat / unsur
yang tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi dengan cara reaksi kimia biasa. Atom terdiri
atas inti atom bermuatan positif (tersusun oleh proton dan neutron) dengan
elektron sebagai awan yang mengelilingi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Konsepsi
tentang atom itu pertama kali dimunculkan oleh Demokritus (460 – 370 SM).
Kemudian, John Dalton (1766-1844), Thomson, Rutherford, Niels Bord dan teori
atom modern.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Model atom Dalton</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">John Dalton melaksanakan percobaan yang menunjang pertumbuhan
pengertian tentang atom. Teori atom Dalton menerangkan reaksi-reaksi kimia
antar zat-zat. Dalton mengemukakan bahwa:</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Atom merupakan partikel terkecil yang tidak dapat dibagi.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Atom-atom suatu unsur semuanya serupa dan tidak dapat berubah menjadi
atom unsur lai.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Dua atom atau lebih dapat bergabung membentuk suatu molekul<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">P<span style="background: white;">ada reaksi kimia, atom-atom dapat berpisah dan
bergabung kembali dengan susunan berbeda, tetapi massa keseluruhan tetap.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRsST8DimmXj5WS7wVVdurS3xneq_EOQDoxQUDPPZLBW5onk1pXU88vSg" height="95" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="127" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan teori atom Dalton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
perkembangan selanjutnya ditemukan berbagai fakta yang tidak dapat dijelaskan
oleh teori tersebut, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat menjelaskan sifat listrik materi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak dapat menjelaskan cara atom-atom saling berikatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model atom Dalton tidak dapat menjelaskan perbedaan
antara atom unsur yang satu dengan unsur yang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan–kelemahan tersebut dapat
dijelaskan setelah ditemukan beberapa partikel penyusun atom, seperti elektron
ditemukan oleh Joseph John Thomson tahun 1900, penemuan partikel proton oleh
Goldstein tahun 1886.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan teori atom Dalton</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menerangkan Hukum
Kekekalan Massa (Hukum Lavoisier)</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dapat menerangkan Hukum
Perbandingan Tetap (Hukum Proust)</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Model atom Thomson</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Menurut Thomson atom adalah bola padat bermuatan padat
bermuatan positif dan didalamnya tersebar elektron yang bermuatan negatif.
Model atom Thomson digambarkan sebagai kismis yang tersebar pada seluruh bagian
roti sehingga disebut sebagai model roti kismis.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 127.05pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Vika%20Susanti/thomson/Picture5.jpg" height="111" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="169" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;"></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 127.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span class="style7"><span lang="EN-US">Kelebihan teori atom
Thomson adalah dapat m</span></span><span class="style6"><span lang="EN-US">embuktikan
adanya partikel lain yang bermuatan negatif dalam atom. Berarti atom bukan
merupakan bagian terkecil dari suatu unsur. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span class="style7"><span lang="EN-US">Kelemahan m</span></span><span class="style6"><span lang="EN-US">odel Thomson ini tidak dapat menjelaskan susunan muatan positif dan
negatif dalam bola atom tersebut.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Model atom Rutherford</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Teori atom Rutherford muncul berdasarkan eksperimen hamburan
sinar alfa dari uranium. Berdasarkan percobaan tersebut Rutherford menyimpulkan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Atom adalah bola beronggayang tersusun dari inti atom dan elektron yang
mengelilinginya.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Inti atom bermuatan positif dan massa atom terpusat pada inti atom.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 2.7pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="atom Rutherford" height="108" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="170" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan Model Atom Rutherford adalah b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahwa
atom memiliki inti atom yang bermuatan positif dan disekelilingnya terdapat
elektron yang mengelilinya. Sedangkan, k<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elemahan
Model Atom Rutherford</span> adalah belum mampu menjelaskan dimana letak
elektron dan cara rotasinya terhadap ini atom, Elektron memancarkan energi
ketika bergerak sehingga energi atom menjadi tidak stabil dan tidak dapat
menjelaskan spektrum garis pada atom hidrogen (H).</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Model atom Niels Bohr</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Niels Bord, seorang fisikawan melakukan percobaan spectrum
hidrogen untuk memperbaiki Rutherford. Hasil percobaan Bohr menyimpulkan
beberapa hal berikut :</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Atom terdiri dari inti yang bermuatan positif yang dikelilingi elektron
bermuatan negatif di dalam suatu lintasan. </span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Elektron dapat berpindah dari suatu lintasan ke lintasan yang lain
dengan menyerap atau memancarkan energi sehingga energi elektron atom itu akan
berkurang. Jika elektron berpindah ke lintasan yang lebih tinggi maka elektron
akan menyerap energi. Jika beralih ke lintasan yang lebih rendah maka akan memancarkan
energi radiasi.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Elektron-elektron berkedudukan pada tingkat-tingkat energi tertentu yang
disebut kulit-kulit elektron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan
model atom Bohr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keberhasilan teori Bohr terletak pada kemampuannya untuk
meramalkan garis-garis dalam spektrum atom hidrogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu penemuan adalah sekumpulan garis halus, terutama
jika atom-atom yang dieksitasikan diletakkan pada medan magnet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan
model atom Bohr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur garis halus ini dijelaskan melalui modifikasi teori
Bohr tetapi teori ini tidak pernah berhasil memerikan spektrum selain atom
hydrogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belum mampu menjelaskan adanya stuktur halus(fine structure)
pada spektrum, yaitu 2 atau lebih garis yang sangat berdekatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belum dapat menerangkan spektrum atom kompleks, Intensitas
relatif dari tiap garis spektrum emisi, serta Efek Zeeman, yaitu terpecahnya
garis spektrum bila atom berada dalam medan magnet.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black;">Model atom modern</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model atom mekanika
kuantum dikembangkan oleh Erwin Schrodinger (1926). Sebelum Erwin Schrodinger,
seorang ahli dari Jerman Werner Heisenberg mengembangkan teori mekanika kuantum
yang dikenal dengan prinsip ketidakpastian yaitu “Tidak mungkin dapat
ditentukan kedudukan dan momentum suatu benda secara seksama pada saat
bersamaan, yang dapat ditentukan adalah kebolehjadian menemukan elektron pada
jarak tertentu dari inti atom”. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah ruang di sekitar
inti dengan kebolehjadian untuk mendapatkan elektron disebut orbital. Bentuk
dan tingkat energi orbital dirumuskan oleh Erwin Schrodinger. Erwin Schrodinger
memecahkan suatu persamaan untuk mendapatkan fungsi gelombang untuk
menggambarkan atas kemungkinan ditemukannya elektron dalam tiga dimensi.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan Model Atom Modern adalah Persamaan gelombang Schrodinger hanya
dapat diterapkan secara eksak untuk partikel dalam kotak dan atom dengan
elektron tunggal.</span><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertikel
Dasar Penyusun Atom</span></u></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 614px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Partikel</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Notasi</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 171.0pt;" width="228">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Massa</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 171.0pt;" width="228">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Muatan</span></strong></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Sesungguhnya</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Relatif terhadap proton</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Sesungguhnya</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Relatif terhadap proton</span></strong></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Proton</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">p</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1,67 x 10<sup>-24</sup> g</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1 sma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1,6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">+1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Neutron</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">n</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1,67 x 10<sup>-24</sup> g</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1 sma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Elektron</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 45.0pt;" width="60">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">e</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">9,11 x 10<sup>-28</sup> g</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">sma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 81.0pt;" width="108">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">-1,6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 90.0pt;" width="120">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">-1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Nomor atom m</span></strong><span lang="EN-US">enyatakan jumlah proton dalam atom. Untuk atom netral, jumlah proton
= jumlah elektron (nomor atom juga menyatakan jumlah elektron) diberi simbol
huruf <strong>Z dan a</strong>tom yang melepaskan elektron berubah menjadi ion
positif, sebaliknya yang menerima elektron berubah menjadi ion negatif. Contoh
: <sub>19</sub>K</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Nomor Massa m</span></strong><span lang="EN-US">enunjukkan jumlah
proton dan neutron dalam inti atom. Proton dan neutron sebagai partikel
penyusun inti atom disebut <strong>Nukleon</strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Jumlah nukleon dalam atom suatu unsur dinyatakan sebagai <strong>Nomor
Massa</strong> (diberi lambang huruf <strong>A</strong>), sehingga :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">A = nomor massa</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US"> = jumlah proton ( p
) + jumlah neutron ( n )</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">A = p + n = Z + n</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Penulisan atom tunggal dilengkapi dengan nomor atom di sebelah kiri
bawah dan nomor massa di sebelah kiri atas dari lambang atom tersebut. Notasi
semacam ini disebut dengan <strong>Nuklida</strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<sup><span lang="EN-US">A </span></sup><sub><span lang="EN-US">Z</span></sub><strong><span lang="EN-US">X</span></strong><b><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Keterangan : </span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">X = lambang atom, A = nomor massa, Z = nomor atom.
</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Konfigurasi
Elektron</span></u></h3>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Persebaran elektron dalam
kulit-kulit atomnya disebut <strong>konfigurasi</strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kulit atom yang pertama (yang
paling dekat dengan inti) diberi lambang K, kulit ke-2 diberi lambang L dst.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jumlah maksimum elektron pada
setiap kulit memenuhi rumus <strong>2n<sup>2</sup></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> (<strong>n = nomor kulit</strong>).</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Contoh :</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kulit K (n = 1) maksimum 2 x 1<sup>2</sup> =
2 elektron</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kulit L (n = 2) maksimum 2 x 2<sup>2</sup> =
8 elektron</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kulit M (n = 3) maksimum 2 x 3<sup>2</sup> =
18 elektron</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kulit N (n = 4) maksimum 2 x 4<sup>2</sup> =
32 elektron</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kulit O (n = 5) maksimum 2 x 5<sup>2</sup> =
50 elektron</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Langkah-Langkah Penulisan Konfigurasi Elektron :</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">1. Kulit-kulit diisi mulai dari kulit K,
kemudian L dst.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">2. Khusus untuk <em>golongan utama</em> (<strong>golongan
A</strong>) :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Jumlah kulit = nomor periode</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Jumlah elektron valensi = nomor
golongan</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">3. Jumlah maksimum <strong>elektron pada
kulit terluar (elektron valensi)</strong> adalah 8.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><em><span lang="EN-US">Elektron valensi</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i><strong><span lang="EN-US">berperan</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">pada<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
<em>pembentukan ikatan</em></i> antar atom dalam membentuk suatu senyawa.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sifat kimia suatu unsur ditentukan
juga oleh <em>elektron valensi</em>nya. Oleh karena itu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, <strong>unsur-unsur</strong></b> yang memiliki <strong>elektron
valensi sama</strong>, akan memiliki <strong>sifat kimia yang mirip</strong>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">4. Untuk unsur golongan utama ( golongan A
), konfigurasi elektronnya dapat ditentukan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">a) Sebanyak mungkin
kulit diisi penuh dengan elektron.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">b) Tentukan jumlah
elektron yang tersisa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika jumlah elektron
yang tersisa > 32, kulit berikutnya diisi dengan 32 elektron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika jumlah elektron
yang tersisa < 32, kulit berikutnya diisi dengan 18 elektron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika jumlah elektron
yang tersisa < 18, kulit berikutnya diisi dengan 8 elektron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika jumlah elektron
yang tersisa < 8, semua elektron diisikan pada kulit berikutnya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Contoh :</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Unsur</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 76.5pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">Nomor Atom</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">K</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">L</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">M</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">N</span></strong></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<strong><span lang="EN-US">O</span></strong></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">He</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 76.5pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Li</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 76.5pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">3</span></div>
</td>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">1</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ar</span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">18</span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
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<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ca</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 76.5pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">20</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 40.5pt;" width="54">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sr</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 76.5pt;" width="102">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">38</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-49919772048363567002012-06-29T00:57:00.002-07:002012-06-29T00:57:58.020-07:00animasi ku larutan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">TUGAS</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">PENGEMBANGAN
BAHAN DAN SUMBER BELAJAR KIMIA BERBASIS BAHAN LOKAL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Kristen ITC";">Di
susun Oleh :</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 270.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">NOVI PUSPITA WIDIANANDA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 270.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">ACC 110 058</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 67.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN MIPA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">201</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Standar Kompetensi : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memahami
sistem dispersi koloid yang ada di sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kompetensi Dasar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Memahami sistem dispersi koloid yang ada
di sekitar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengelompokkan sistem dispersi koloid
berdasarkan bahan yang ada disekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikator</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjelaskan pengertian
suspensi koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengklasifikasikan suspensi kasar,
larutan sejati, dan koloid berdasarkan data hasil pengamatan
(homogen/heterogen, dan penyaringan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengelompokan jenis koloid berdasarkan
fase terdispersi dan medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Siswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian suspensi koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Siswa diharapkan mampu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mengklasifikasikan
suspensi kasar, larutan sejati, dan koloid berdasarkan data hasil pengamatan
(homogen/heterogen, dan penyaringan) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Siswa diharapkan dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mengelompokan
jenis koloid berdasarkan fase terdispersi dan medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wacana
Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem koloid dibedakan
atas tingkat wujud fasa terdispersi dan medium pendispersinya. Sementara itu,
berdasarkan ukuran partikel fasa terdispersinya sistem koloid terletak antara
larutan sejati dan suspensi kasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
dispersi merupakan campuran antara zat terlarut dengan pelarut. Dalam sistem
dispersi, zat terlarut jumlahnya lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan zat pelarut.
Zat terlarut dinamakan fasa terdispersi, sementara zat pelarutnya dinamakan
medium pendispersi. Jadi, sistem dispersi adalah pencampuran antara fasa
terdispersi dengan medium pendispersi yang bercampur secara merata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi Kasar </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi
kasar disebut juga suspensi. Suspensi merupakan campuran heterogen antara fasa
terdispersi dengan medium pendispersi. Fasa terdispersi dengan medium
pendispersi. Fasa terdispersi biasanya berupa padatan sedangkan medium
pendispersi zat cair. Oleh karena dispersi kasar merupakan campuran heterogen,
maka antara fasa terdispersi dengan medium pendispersi dapat dibedakan dengan
jelas. Fasa perdipersi mempunyai ukuran partikel lebih besar dari 10<sup>-5</sup>
cm sehingga akan terlihat sebagai endapan. Contoh campuran tepung dengan air.
Dalam campuran tepung dengan air, antara fasa terdispersi (tepung) dengan
medium pendispersi (air) dapat dibedakan karena tepung barada di dasar wadah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi Halus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi
halus disebut juga larutan sejati atau dispersi molekuler. Larutan sejati
adalah campuran antara fasa terdispersi yang berwujud zat padat atau cair
dengan medium pendispersi yang berupa zat cair. Dalam larutan sejati, fasa terdispersi
larut sempurna ke dalam medium perdispersi, sehingga terbentuk campuran
homogen. Campuran homogen disebut juga larutan. Dalam larutan homogen, antara
fasa terdispersi dengan medium pendispersi tidak dapat dibedakan. Oleh karena
ukuran partikel fasa terdispersi antara 10<sup>-7</sup> – 10<sup>-5</sup> cm,
maka fasa terdispersi dapat larut dalam medium pendispersi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi
koloid adalah campuran antara sistem dispersi kasar dengan dispersi halus.
Dalam sistem koloid antara fasa terdispersi dengan medium pendispersinya tampak
homogen. Namun sesungguhnya, dispersi koloid merupakan campuran heterogen. Hal
ini akan tampak dengan jelas saat dispersi koloid diamati menggunakan mikroskop
ultra. Contoh dispersi koloid yaitu campuran air dengan tinta. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara umum
perbedaan antara ketiga sistem dispersi tersebut diatas diberikan dalam tabel
berikut.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi kasar</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi Halus</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dispersi Koloid</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Heterogen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Homogen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tampak homogen</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Satu fasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jernih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh tanpa endapan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak dapat disaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring dengan
kertas ultra</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak stabil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stabil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak Stabil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" width="34">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diameter partikel
antara >10<sup>-5</sup>cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" width="151">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diameter partikel
< 10<sup>-5</sup>cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diameter partikel
antara 10<sup>-7</sup>- 10<sup>-5</sup>cm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lembar
Kerja Siswa</span></b>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Membedakan Pada</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah Gambut, Santan Dan Garam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Percobaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengamati
berbagai perbedaan yang tampak pada dispersi kasar, dispersi halus dan dispersi
koloid yang ada disekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Erlenmeyar
100 mL</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaduk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
saring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 25.35pt; text-indent: -7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquades
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60
mL</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah
gambut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
gram</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Santan
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20
mL</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garam
dapur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
gram</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Siapkan 3 buah erlenmeyer, tandai dengan
huruf A, B, dan C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Isi setiap erlenmeyer dengan air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Masukan tanah gambut kedalam erlenmeyer
A, santan kedalam erlenmeyer B dan garam ke erlenmeyer C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aduk ketiga campuran dalam erlenmeyer
tersebut kemudian diamkan 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Amati keadaan ketiga campuran setelah
didiamkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Saringlah ketiga campuran serta catatlah
hasilnya pada tabel hasil pengamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Percobaan </span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.3pt;" valign="top" width="215">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.75pt;" valign="top" width="376">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
A : Berisi Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
B : Berisi Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
C : Berisi Air</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.3pt;" valign="top" width="215">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.75pt;" valign="top" width="376">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan
di diamkan selama 15 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
A : Berisi Air + Tanah gambut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
B : Berisi Air + santan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
C : Berisi Air + garam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.3pt;" valign="top" width="215">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.75pt;" valign="top" width="376">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah
15 menit dan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
A : Berisi Air + Tanah gambut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
B : Berisi Air + santan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Erlenmeyer
C : Berisi Air + garam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.3pt;" valign="top" width="215">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.75pt;" valign="top" width="376">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan
yang dapat disaring dan tidak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel hasil pengamatan</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat Campuran</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 297.7pt;" valign="top" width="397">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Campuran air dengan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanah gambut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Santan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Garam dapur</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larut/tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak larut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak larut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larut</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bening/keruh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh ada endapan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Satu fasa/dua fasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Satu fasa</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stabil/tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak Stabil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tampak Stabil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stabil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.7pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring/tidak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 3.0cm;" valign="top" width="113">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertanyaan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diantara
ketiga campuran di atas campuran manakah yang merupakan dispersi kasar,
dispersi halus dan dispersi koloid?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa
yang membedakan antara ketiga campuran diatas?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa
kesimpulan dari praktikum di atas?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban
pertanyaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Campuran air dan tanah gambut merupakan
dispersi kasar, campuran air dan garam merupakan dispersi halus, sedangkan
campuran air dan santan adalah sistem koloid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang membedakan antara ketiga campuran
tersebut adalah untuk tanah gambut : tidak larut, keruh ada endapan, dua fasa,
tidak stabil, dan dapat disaring. Untuk santan : tidak larut, keruh, dua fasa,
stabil, dan dapat disaring. Sedangkan untuk garam : larut, bening, satu fasa,
stabil dan tidak dapat disaring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari percobaan ini dapat disimpulkan
bahwa yang termasuk dispersi kasar adalah tanah gambut, dispersi koloid adalah
santan dan dispersi halus adalah larutan garam. Untuk ciri-ciri d<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ispersi kasar</span> yaitu tidak larut, dua
fasa, keruh ada endapan, dapat disaring, dan tidak stabil. Untuk ciri-ciri
dispersi halus yang dilihat dari hasil percobaan yaitu larut, satu fasa,
jernih, tidak dapat disaring dan stabil. Untuk ciri-ciri sistem koloid yaitu
tidak larut, keruh, dua fasa, tampak stabil dan dapat disaring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep
dari Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep yang ditemukan dari
percobaan ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan tanah gambut merupakan dispersi
kasar yang memiliki sifat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh ada endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak stabil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan garam merupakan Dispersi halus
atau larutan sejati yang memiliki sifat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Satu fasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jernih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak dapat disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stabil</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Larutan santan merupakan sistem koloid
yang memiliki sifat, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dua fasa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tampak stabil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat disaring</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sulami, Emi dan
Anis Dyah Rufaida. 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Panduan
Pendidik Kimia Kelas XI</i>. Klaten : Intan Pariwara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tim penyusun.
2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia 2b kelas 2 SMU semester 2.</i>
Klaten : Intan Pariwara.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PPT dari hasil percobaan</span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-69409588313302309252012-06-24T01:27:00.001-07:002012-06-27T03:04:09.164-07:00makalah logam alkali tanah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Seringkali kita tidak menyadari bahwa
hidup kita tidak lepas dari suatu zat bernama unsur. Betapa tidak, bahkan suatu
bahan yang jumlahnya sedikit dan tanpa sadar kita konsumsi sehari-hari
merupakan mineral yang sangat penting bagi manusia, antara lain bagi
metabolisme tubuh, penghubung antar syaraf, kerja jantung, dan pergerakan otot
adalah salah satu unsur logam golongan II A atau lazim disebut alkali tanah
yang bernama Berilium, Magnesium, Kalsium, Stronsium, Barium, dan Radium. <span style="color: black;">Dalam makalah ini, akan dibahas keberadaan dari Logam
Alkali Tanah di alam, dan proses pembuatannya. </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Makalah
ini bertujuan untuk :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;"> Mengetahui keberadaan
dari Logam Alkali Tanah di alam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjelaskan cara pengolahan logam Alkali Tanah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Di mana saja Logam Alkali tanah dapat di temukan di alam?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara pengolahan Logam Alkali Tanah?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Logam alkali tanah terdiri dari 6 unsur yang
terdapat di golongan IIA. Yang termasuk ke dalam golongan II A yaitu : Berilium
(Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Stronsium (Sr), Barium (Ba), dan Radium
(Ra). Di sebut logam karena memiliki sifat-sifat seperti logam. Di sebut alkali
karena mempunyai sifat alkalin atau basa jika direaksikan dengan air. Dan
istilah tanah karena oksidasinya sukar larut dalam air, dan banyak ditemukan
dalam bebatuan di kerak bumi. Tiap logam memiliki konfigurasi elektron sama
seperti gas mulia atau golongan VIII A, setelah di tambah 2 elektron pada
lapisan kulit S paling luar. Contohnya konfigurasi elektron pada Magnesium (Mg)
yaitu : 1s2s22p63s2 atau (Ne) 3s2. Ikatan yang dimiliki kebanyakan senyawa
logam alkali tanah adalah ikatan ionik. Karena, elektron paling luarnya telah
siap untuk di lepaskan, agar mencapai kestabilan. Unsur alkali tanah memiliki
reaktifitas tinggi, sehingga tidak ditemukan dalam bentuk monoatomik , unsur
ini mudah bereaksi dengan oksigen, dan logam murni yang ada di udara, membentuk
lapisan luar pada oksigen.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keberadaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Logam-logam alkali tanah di alam tidak di
dapatkan dalam keadaan bebas. Berium terdapat dalam mineral di sebut beril,
Be3Al2(SiO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>. Kadang-kadang mineral ini di temukan
berupa Kristal murni yang besar, dan bila di gosok akan menjadi mutiara
berwarna biru laut. Magnesium di temukan di dalam air laut (sebagai Mg<sup>2+</sup>)
dan berbagai mineral, seperti dolomit (CaCO<sub>3</sub>.MgCO<sub>3</sub>) dan
kalnalit (MgCl<sub>2</sub>.KCl.H<sub>2</sub>O). kalsium terdapat dalam air laut
dan dalam berbagai mineral dengan berbagai mineral dengan bermacam komposisi,
contohnya gipsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O, Batu kapur (CaCO<sub>3</sub>))
, dan dolomit. Magnesium dan Kalsium juga terdapat dalam organisme. Magnesium
sangat penting dalam tumbuhan untuk membuat klorofil, yaitu senyawa penangkap
energi cahaya matahari. Kalsium sebagaian di pakai sebagai pembentuk tulang,
binatang-binatang lunak, seperti siput, kerang, dan penyu. Strontium dan Barium
sering di temukan sebagai SrSO<sub>4</sub> dan BaSO<sub>4</sub>. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pembuatan Logam Alkali Tanah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> elektrolisis</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">BeCl<sub>2(l)
</sub>Be<sub>(l) </sub> + Cl<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> (NaCl)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dari semua unsur golongan IIA, hanya berilium
dan magnesium yang diproduksi dalam jumlah besar. Berilium dibuat degan mengelektrolisi
berilium klorida cair, yang ditambah NaCl sebagai penghantar arus listrik sebab
BeCl<sub>2</sub> kurang menghantar listrik karena berikatan kovalen.</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"> panas</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">MgCO<sub>3(s)</sub> CaO.MgO<sub>(s) </sub> + 2Co<sub>2(g)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Logam berilium semakin banyak dibutuhkan ,
karena kerapatannya kecil, kuat, stabil dan kurang menyerap sinar X. Maka logam
ini dipakai untuk pesawat ruang angkasa dan pintu tabung sinar X. Magnesium
dapat dibuat dari mineral atau air laut. Mula-mula mineral dolomit diekstraksi
dengan air panas, dan kemudian dipanaskan,</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">Oksida CaO. MgO dilarutkan dalam ar laut (yang mengadung Mg2+),
sehingga terjadi reaksi : </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 139px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">CaO<sub>(s)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
Ca<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 139px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">MgO<sub>(s) </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O
Mg(OH)<sub>2(s)</sub></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika larutan bersifat basa, akan terjadi endapan Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>
secara sempurna dan disaring, kemudian dilarutkan dalam HCl sehingga menjadi
MgCl<sub>2</sub>. Setelah itu, MgCl<sub>2</sub> dicairkan dan dielektrolisis,
sehingga didapat logam Mg.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 104px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">MgCl<sub>2(l) </sub> Mg<sub>(l)</sub> + Cl<sub>2(g)</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika tidak ada dolomit, maka dipakai batu kapur yang bila dibakar
akan terurai sebagai berikut</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 111px; margin-top: 1px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">CaCO<sub>3(s)</sub> CaO<sub>(s)</sub> + CO<sub>2(g)</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kemudian CaO ditambah air laut (ada Mg2+)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 199px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251668480;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O + Mg<sup>2+</sup> Ca<sup>2+</sup> + Mg(OH)<sub>2(s)</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Padatan Mg(OH)2 disaring dan dilakukan seperti diatas untuk
mendapatkan logam Mg. secara komersial, magnesium dibuat dengan reaksi :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 124px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251669504;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">MgO + C Mg + CO</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Logam alkali dalam jumlh kecil dapat dibuat dengan mereduksi
oksidanya dengan logam pengoksidasi, seperti :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 146px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 106px; z-index: 251670528;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/MICROS%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="106" /></span><span lang="EN-US">3BaO +
2Al 3Ba
+Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kalsium, strontium, dan barium sangat sedikit diproduksi, karena
belum banyak kegunaannya, tidak stabil dan bereksi mudah dengan udara dan air.
Ketiga unsur ini dapat dibuat dengan mengelektrolisis cairan garam kloridanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Logam alkali tanah tidak terdapat
di alam sebagai unsur bebas, melainkan selalu dijumpai dalam bentuk
senyawa-senyawa ataupun mineral. Logam
alkali tanah dapat diperoleh melalui elektrolisis lelehan garam-garamnya
(terutama garam kloridanya) serta melalui reduksi dari beberapa senyawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam penyusunan makalah ini kami mohon dengan
sangat masukan dan kritikan dari Bapak dosen agar kami menjadi lebih baik,
karena dalam penyusunan makalah ini kami mungkin banyak kata atau penulisan
kata yang salah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Anshory, Irfan.2003.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acuan Pelajaran Kimia</i>.Jakarta.Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mun’im, Abdul.2002.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bahan Ajar Kimia Anorganik II.</i>Palangka
Raya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Syukri.1999.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Dasar 3</i>.Bandung.Institut Teknologi Bandung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Chemistry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-24285259601804190312012-06-16T05:49:00.000-07:002012-06-27T03:02:49.528-07:00pengertian kurikulum<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugas
menelaah kurikulum</span></u></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 43.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama : Novi
Puspita Widiananda</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM : ACC 110 058</span></b></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian kurikulum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi kurikulum dalam pendidikan
merupakan sejumlah mata pelajaran yang harus ditempuh atau diselesaikan oleh
peserta didik untuk memperoleh ijazah. </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan atau batasan kurikulum itulah
yang pertama kali digunakan dalam bidang pendidikan. Atas dasar batasan itu
pula, sebagian besar para praktisi pendidikan sampai saat ini memandang bahwa
kurikulum tidak lain sejumlah pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah.
Memperhatikan batasan kurikulum di atas, tersirat dua hal pokok, (1) isi
kurikulum, yang memuat sejumlah mata pelajaran, dan (2) tujuan kurikulum, yaitu
untuk menguasai sejumlah mata pelajaran tersebut yang dilambangkan dengan beberapa
Tafsiran Mengenai Istilah Kurikulum</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum memuat isi dan materi
pelajaran. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum sebagai rencana pembelajaran </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum
sebagai pengalaman belajar</span></span><br />
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prof. Dr. S. Nasution, M.
A.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kurikulum : suatu rencana yang disusun
untuk melancarkan proses belajar mengajar di bawah bimbingan dan tanggung jawab
sekolah atau lembaga pendidikan beserta staf pengajarnya. Dan, Kurikulum :
adalah peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di bawah pengawasan sekolah, jadi
selain kegiatan kulikuler yang formal juga kegiatan yang tak formal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen-komponen
Kurikulum</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen tujuan
merupakan satu kesatuan dalam mewujudkan cita-cita pendidikan dalam konteks
pembangunan manusia Indonesia. Dan kurikulum merupakan suatu program untuk
mencapai sejumlah tujuan pendidikan tertentu. Oleh karena itu, dalam kurikulum
suatu sekolah telah terkandung tujuan-tujuan pendidikan yang ingin dicapai
melalui sekolah yang bersangkutan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi kurikulum
merupakan isi kurikulum. Undang-undang pendidikan menetapkan bahwa “isi
kurikulum merupakan bahan kajian dan pelajaran untuk mencapai tujuan penyelenggaraan
satuan pendidikan yang bersangkutan dalm rangka upaya pencapaian tujuan
pendidikan nasional”.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen strategi
(metode)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stategi pelaksaan suatu
kurikulum tergambar dari cara yang di tempuh dalam melaksanakan pengajaran, penialaian,
bimbingan dan penyuluhan dan dalam mengatur kegiatan sekolah secara
keseluruhan, seperti sistem pengajaran modul,paket dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen organisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisasi adalah
struktur program kurikulum yang berupa kerangka program-program pengajaran yang
akan di sampaikan pada siswa. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen evaluasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi merupakan
suatu komponen kurikulum, karena dengan evaluasi dengan evaluasi dapat di
peroleh informasi akurat tentang penyelenggaraan pembelajaran dan keberhasilan
belajar siswa.berdasarkan informasi itu dapat dibuat keputusan tentang
kurikulum itu sendiri, pembelajaran kesulitan dan upaya bimbingan yang perlu di
lakukan.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Komponen kurikulum tahun 1994</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Filosofis : Struktur keilmuan yang menghasilkan isi mata pelajaran.
‘daya serap kurikulum</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan : Agar siswa menguasai materi yang tercantum dalm GBPP</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Materi : Semua materi ditentukan oleh pemerintah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Metode atau strategi : Ceramah, guru di pandang sebagai sumber
belajar</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi : normative</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Komponen kurikulum tahun 2004 (KBK)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Filosofis : Struktur keilmuan dan perkembangan fsikologis siswa.
Sehingga berdasarkan kompotensi lulusannya</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan : Semua siswa memiliki kompetensi yang ditetapkan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Materi : Pemerintah menetapkan kompetensi yang berlaku secara
nasional dan daerah/sekolah berhak menetapkan standar yang lebih tinggi sesuai
kemampuan daerah/sekolah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Strategi atau metode : memisahkan mata pelajaran yang berdiri sendiri
penyinggungan atau penghubungan antar bahan kurikulum dalam berbagai mata
pelajaran pemaduan bahan kurikulum dari beberapa mata pelajaran dalam satu
cakupan topik yang dikaji</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi : Kompentensi siswa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Komponen kurikulum tahun 2006 (KTSP)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Visi misi : Visi dan misi satuan pendidikan dapat dikembangkan oleh
lembaga masing-masing dengan memperhatikan potensi dan kelemahan masing-masing.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Struktur : Struktur keilmuannya berdasarkan yang tertuang dalam SI</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan : Agar siswa mandiri dan mampu dalam pengambilan keputusan
secara partisipatif</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kalender pendidikan : Sesuai dengan kebutuhan daerah, karakteristik
sekolah, kebutuhan peserta didik dan masyarakat, dengan memperhatikan kalender
pendidikan sebagai mana tercantum dalam SI.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Silabus : Disusun oleh guru mata pelajaran dengan tema tertentu yang
mencakup standar kompetensi, kompetensi dasar, materi pelajaran,
indikator, penilaian, alokasi waktu dan sumber belajar yang dikembangkan oleh
setiap satuan pendidikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">RPP (Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran) : Berdasarkan silabus yang
telah disusun guru bisa mengembangkannya menjadi RPP yang akan diterapkan dalam
kegiatan belajar mengajar bagi siswanya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi : Evaluasi dalam KTSP di lihat dari berbagai aspek.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi kurikulum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun fungsi kurikulum bagi guru
atau pendidik adalah;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pedoman kerja dalam menyusun dan mengorganisir pengalaman
belajar para anak didik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pedoman untuk mengadakan evaluasi terhadap perkembangan anak
didik dalam rangka menyerap sejumlah pengalaman yang diberikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun fungsi kurikulum sebagai anak
didik adalah :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaan
kurikulum sebagai organisasi belajar tersusun merupakan suatu persiapan bagi
anak didik, anak didik diharapkan dapat dikembangkan seirama dengan
perkembangan anak, agar dapat memenuhi bekal hidupnya nanti.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
kurikulum yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi penyesuaian atau <i>the adjastive of adaptive
function</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi penyesuaian berarti individu harus mempu menyesuaikan
diri terhadap lingkungannya secara menyeluruh. Lingkungan yang selalu berubah
dan bersifat dinamis menuntut individu harus memiliki kemampuan
menyesuaikan diri secara dinamis pula. Disinilah letak fungsi kurikulum sebagai
alat pendidikan sehingga individu bersifat <i>well adjusted</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi pengintegrasian atau <i>the integrating function</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum berfungsi mendidik pribadi-pribadi yang
terintegrasi. oleh sebab itu individu itu sendiri merupakan bagian integral
dari masyarakat, sehingga pribadi yang terintegrasi itu akan memberikan
kontribusi terhadap pembentukan dan pengintegrasian masyarakat. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi deferensiasi atau <i>the defferentiating function</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum perlu memberikan pelayanan terhadap
perbedaan-perbedaan perorangan dalam masyarakat. Pada dasarnya deferensiasi
akanmendorong orang berfikir kritis dan kreatif, sehingga mendorong kemajuan
dalam masyarakat. Akan tetapi bukan berarti bahwa dengan deferensiasi kita
mengabaikan solidaritas sosial dan integrasi, melainkan deferensiasi itu
sendiri juga untuk menghindarkan terjadinya stagnasi sosial. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi persiapan atau <i>the propeadeutic function.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum berfungsi memperisapkan siswa agar mampu
melanjutkan studi lebih lanjut untuk suatu jangkauan yang lebih jauh. Apakah
melanjutkan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi atau persiapan untuk belajar di
masyarakat. Hal ini diperlukan mengingat sekolah tidak mungkin memberikan semua
yang diperlukan siswa atau yang menarik minat siswa. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi pemilihan atau <i>the selective function</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antara keberbedaan/deferensiasi dan pemilikan/seleksi adalah
dua hal yang erat hubungannya. Pengakuan terhadap keberbedaan berarti pula
diberikannya kesempatan bagi seseorang untuk memilih apa yang diinginkannya dan
menarik minatnya. Kedua hal tersebut merupakan kebutuhan bagi masyarakat yang
menganut sistem demokrasi. Untuk mengembangkan kemampuan tersebut kurikulum
perlu disusun secara fleksibel. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi diagnostik atau <i>the diagnostic function</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu segi pelayanan pendidikan, ialah membantu dan
mengarahkan siswa agar mereka mampu memahami dan menerima dirinya sehingga
dapat mengembangkan potensi yang dimilikinya. Ini dapat dilakukan bila mereka
menyadari kelemahan dan kekuatan yang dimilikinya, sehingga ia sendiri yang
memperbaiki kelemahan dan mengembangkan sendiri potensi yang ada pada dirinya.
(Hamalik, 1990: 10-11).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Analisis Kurikulum 1994, 2004 (KBK), 2006 (KTSP)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Persamaan komponen-komponen
dari ketiga kurikulum di atas adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan umum yang ingin di capai
yaitu, agar siswa menguasai materi yang telah di tetapkan oleh
kurikulum yang digunakan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Semua materi yang tercantum
dalam setiap kurikulum di sahkan oleh pemerintah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam evalusi, ujian akhir
merupakan syarat utama dalam kelulusan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 2. Perbedaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan : Walaupun tujuan umum
dalam setiap kurikulum ini sama tapi ada beberapa perbedaan diantaranya pada
KTSP juga bertujuan agar siswa mandiri dan mampu dalam pengambilan keputusan
secara partisipatif</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Materi : Pada kurikulum 1994
hanya memberlakukan satu sistem kurikulum untuk semua siswa di seluruh
indonesia, jadi semua materi ditentukan oleh pemerintah. Pada kurikulum 2004
pemerintah menetapkan kompetensi yang berlaku secara nasional dan daerah tetapi
sekolah atau daerah berhak menetapkan standar yang lebih tinggi sesuai
kemampuan daerah atau sekolah tersebut. Pada kurikulum KTSP, materi di buat
oleh guru berdasarkan acuan yang telah di tetapkan, kemudian disahkan oleh
kepala sekolah setelah itu di sahkan pemerintah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Strategi : Pada kurikulum 1994
menggunakan metode ceramah, kurikulum 2004 lebih banyak menggunakan metode
diskusi, sedangkan kurikulum KTSP memakai berbagai macam metode.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Evaluasi : Pada kurikulum 1994
sistem penilaian lebih menekankan pada potensi akademik. Kurikulum 2004 lebih
menekankan pada kompetensi siswa, sedangkan kurikulum KTSP merupakan lanjutan
kurikulum 2004, karena kuikulum 2004 hanya berlangsung sementara.pada KTSP ini
penilaian sudah memiliki cakupan yang lebih luas seperti: kognitif, afektif dan
psikomotor.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. Perubahan
: Dalam perubahan kurikulum ini, hal yang lebih menonjol adalah dari segi
materi. Dimana semakin sering terjadinya perubahan, semakin kurang materi yang
di berikan pada siswa. Tetapi keterampilan siswa semakin meningkat. Dilihat
dari segi metode, panggunaannya semakin banyak. Begitu juga dari segi evaluasi,
dimana perubahannya semakin baik. Karena evaluasinya tidak hanya berfokus pada
satu sudut saja seperti menilai dari segi kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor.</span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-91595730799332512112012-06-16T04:46:00.000-07:002012-06-27T02:57:26.321-07:00kurikulum<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tugas
Menelaah kurikulum</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama : Novi Puspita Widiananda</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM : ACC 110 058</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulan
dan kelemahan Kurikulum KTSP</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulan KTSP yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendorong terwujudnya
otonomi sekolah dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa
salah satu bentuk kegagalan pelaksanaan kurikulum di masa lalu adalah adanya
penyeragaman kurikulum di seluruh Indonesia, tidak melihat kepada situasi riil
di lapangan, dan kurang menghargai potensi keunggulan lokal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendorong para guru,
kepala sekolah, dan pihak manajemen sekolah untuk semakin meningkatkan
kreativitasnya dalam penyelenggaraan program-program pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTSP sangat
memungkinkan bagi setiap sekolah untuk menitikberatkan dan mengembangkan mata
pelajaran tertentu yang akseptabel bagi kebutuhan siswa. Sekolah dapat
menitikberatkan pada mata pelajaran tertentu yang dianggap paling dibutuhkan
siswanya. Sebagai contoh daerah kawasan wisata dapat mengembangkan
kepariwisataan dan bahasa inggris, sebagai keterampilan hidup.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTSP akan mengurangi
beban belajar siswa yang sangat padat. Karena menurut ahli beban belajar yang
berat dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan jiwa anak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTSP memberikan peluang
yang lebih luas kepada sekolah-sekolah plus untuk mengembangkan kurikulum
sesuai dengan kebutuhan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Guru sebagai pengajar,
pembimbing, pelatih dan pengembang kurikulum.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurikulum sangat
humanis, yaitu memberikan kesempatan kepada guru untuk mengembangkan isi/konten
kurikulum sesuai dengan kondisi sekolah, kemampuan siswa dan kondisi daerahnya
masing-masing.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan pendekatan
kompetensi yang menekankan pada pemahaman, kemampuan atau kompetensi terutama
di sekolah yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan masyarakat sekitar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar kompetensi yang
memperhatikan kemampuan individu, baik kemampuan, kecakapan belajar, maupun
konteks social budaya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbasis
kompetensi sehingga peserta didik berada dalam proses perkembangan yang
berkelanjutan dari seluruh aspek kepribadian, sebagai pemekaran terhadap
potensi-potensi bawaan sesuai dengan kesempatan belajar yang ada dan diberikan
oleh lingkungan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengembangan
kurikulum di laksanakan secara desentralisasi (pada satuan tingkat pendidikan)
sehingga pemerintah dan masyarakat bersama-sama menentukan standar pendidikan yang
dituangkan dalam kurikulum.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Satuan
pendidikan diberikan keleluasaan untyuk menyususn dan mengembangkan silabus
mata pelajaran sehingga dapat mengakomodasikan potensi sekolah kebutuhan dan
kemampuan peserta didik, serta kebutuhan masyarakat sekitar sekolah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Guru
sebagai fasilitator yang bertugas mengkondisikan lingkungan untuk memberikan
kemudahan belajar siswa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengembangkan
ranah pengetahuan, sikap, dan ketrampilan berdasarkan pemahaman yang akan membentuk
kompetensi individual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran
yang dilakukan mendorong terjadinya kerjasama antar sekolah, masyarakat, dan
dunia kerja yang membentuk kompetensi peserta didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
berbasis kelas yang menekankan pada proses dan hasil belajar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berpusat
pada siswa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan
berbagai sumber belajar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
pembelajaran lebih bervariasi, dinamis dan menyenangklan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan KTSP yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnnya
SDM yang diharapkan mampu menjabarkan KTSP pada kebanyakan satuan pendidikan
yang ada. Minimnya kualitas guru dan sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kurangnya
ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana pendukung sebagai kelengkapan dari
pelaksanaan KTSP .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masih
banyak guru yang belum memahami KTSP secara komprehensif baik kosepnya,
penyusunannya,maupun prakteknya di lapangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerapan
KTSP yang merekomendasikan pengurangan jam pelajaran akan berdampak
berkurangnya pendapatan guru. Sulit untuk memenuhi kewajiban mengajar 24 jam,
sebagai syarat sertifikasi guru untuk mendapatkan tunjangan profesi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
urutan materi kelas X bandingkan kurikulum KBK dan KTSP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KBK</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTSP</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
periodik dan struktur atom</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
atom</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-left: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-cell-special: placeholder;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
kimia</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.85pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
Kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kestabilan unsur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur Lewis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan ion dan ikatan
Kovalen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan Kovalen
koordinasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa Kovalen polar
dan non polar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan logam</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KBK</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KTSP</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 1.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
nama senyawa dan persamaan Reaksi sederhana</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata nama senyawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan Reaksi
sederhana</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
dasar kimia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
dasar kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Lavoisier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Proust</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Dalton</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Gay Lussac</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Avogadro</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan
kimia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan
Kimia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
elektrolit dan non elektrolit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
non elektrolit dan elektrolit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
larutan berdasarkan daya hantar listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis
larutan elektrolit berdasarkan ikatan.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Oksidasi dan Reduksi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
oksidasi dan reduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilangan
oksidasi unsur dalam senyawa atau ion</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
nama menurut IUPAC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi
redoks dalam memecahkan masalah lingkungan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekhasan
atom karbon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Identifikasi
atom C, H dan O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekhasan
Atom karbon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkana,
alkena dan alkuna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isomer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat
fisik alkana, alkena dan alkuna</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
senyawa Karbon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
bumi dan Petrokimia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraksi
minyak bumi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutu
bensin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak
pembakaran bahan bakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.2pt; mso-row-margin-right: 1.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 207.25pt;" valign="top" width="276"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.15pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa
hidrokarbon dalam kehidupan sehari-hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" width="2"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="2"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="43"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="2"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="274"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="310"><br /></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="2"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-83523099604554268232012-06-02T20:37:00.001-07:002012-06-27T02:54:57.417-07:00mengamati pembakaran lilin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Topik
percobaan :</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“Menga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mati Pembakaran Lilin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
percobaan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Mengamati lilin sebelum </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ibakar,
saat dibakar, dan setelah dibakar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuktikan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya perubahan Fisika dan Kimia pada lilin</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar Teori</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi adalah sesuatu yang menempati
ruang dan menempati massa. Materi sering juga disebut zat atau bahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah zat digunakan untuk sejumlah
materi yang sangat spesifik (tertentu) sifat-sifatnya, contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gula, garam dapur, air dan
sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah
bahan digunakan untuk sejumlah materi yang kurang spesifik, contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kayu, beras, kertas, sirop dan
sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi di alam terdapat dalam tiga wujud, yaitu wujud gas,
padat dan cair, contoh air dapat berwujud cair, gas (uap air) dan padat (es).
Setiap materi mempunyai sifat-sifat yang berbeda. Materi juga mengalami
perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Fisika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
materi akan mengalami perubahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
materi meliputi:<br />
Perubahan fisika, yaitu perubahan materi yang tidak menghasilkan zat baru.<br />
Misalnya lilin dipanaskan, batu es mencair, besi meleleh, dan lain-lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya perubahan
fisika hanya mengalami perubahan wujud dan yang disertai dengan pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">r</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ubahan energi.
Perubahan fisika terjadi karena materi memiliki sifat fisika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan fisika
tidak mengubah sifat zat tersebut. Dengan kata lain,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">perubahan fisika tidak menghasilkan senyawa baru.</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pada zat yang tidak
menghasilkan zat baru, tetapi disertai terjadinya perubahan bentuk, wujud dan
warna. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri perubahan fisis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">anya sifat-sifat fisisnya yang
berubah, sedangkan sifat-sifat kimianya tetap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">usunannya tidak berubah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enis zatnya tidak berubah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan bentuk : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Benang diubah menjadi kain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kayu diubah menjadi mebel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gula dijadikan sirup atau gula yang
larut dalam air, yang disebut pelarutan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">zat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan wujud </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapur barus menyublim</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin meleleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Es krim mencair</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: center 239.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 11.65pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguapan minyak wangi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan fisika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dapat
terjadi karena adanya perubahan wujud, pelarutan, adanya perubahan bentuk, dan
aliran energi. <span class="nw">Perubahan Fisika karena Perubahan Wujud</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN"> s</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etiap materi yang berubah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">wujud karena pengaruh pemanasan akan mempunyai sifat yang sama.</span>
<span class="nw">Materi tersebut juga dapat dikembalikan ke sifatnya semula.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">erubahan fisika karena perubahan wujud adalah
pelelehan, peleburan,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">pencairan,
penguapan, pengembunan, pembekuan, penyubliman, dan</span> <span class="nw">terdeposisi.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-Contoh Perubahan
Fisika karena Perubahan Wujud dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perubahan Wujud </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelelehan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peleburan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin meleleh, karet
meleleh, peleburan besi, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peleburan aluminium </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencairan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Es mencair, salju
mencair </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enguapan
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air laut menguap, eter
menguap, minyak </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kayu putih menguap </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengembunan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Uap ari mengembun </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembekuan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air membeku, minyak
membeku, agar-agar </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">membeku </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyubliman </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Fisika karena
Pelarutan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
gula yang dilarutkan dalam air seperti</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">rasa manis masih tetap tampak jika larutan gula</span> <span class="nw">diuapkan. akan diperoleh kembali gula dengan sifat</span> <span class="nw">manis yang sama. Proses pembuatan sirop, cuka,</span> <span class="nw">dan
alkohol 70 % merupakan. contoh perubahan</span> <span class="nw">fisika.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Fisika karena
Perubahan Bentuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk perubahan apakah kayu yang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">di gergaji, kemudian di ubah menjadi kursi atau</span> <span class="nw">lemari. Perubahan materi dan kayu menjadi kursi</span> <span class="nw">termasuk
perubahan fisika. Hal </span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">in</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i karena kayu</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">hanya berubah bentuknya saja. Adapun sifatnya</span> <span class="nw">tidak berubah. Sifat kursi atau meja sama denga</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw"><span lang="IN">kayu. Begitupun dengan perubahan </span></span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">k</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ayu
gelondongan menjadi kayu</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">lembaran,
batang bambu menjadi angklung, kertas menjadi kapal-</span> <span class="nw">kapalan,
dan kain menjadi pakaian.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
Fisika karena Adanya Aliran Energi </span></div>
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<span class="nw">Perhatikan lampu bohlam di rumahmu.</span> <span class="nw">Ketika saklar dinyalakan, kawat wolfram dalam</span> <span class="nw">lampu
tersebut menyala dan menerangi seluruh</span> r<span class="nw">uangan. Begitu juga saat tombol bel ditekan,
bel akan berdering dengan</span> <span class="nw">keras. Apa yang terjadi ketika
setrika listrik dihubungkan dengan arus</span> <span class="nw">listrik? Bagian
dasar setrika akan memanas, bukan? Termasuk perubahan</span> <span class="nw">apakah
lampu bohlam menyala, bel berdering, dan setrika listrik</span> <span class="nw">memanas?
Perubahan ini dikarenakan adanya aliran energi. Pada lampu</span> <span class="nw">bohlam, kawat wolfram tidak mengalami perubahan. Lampu bohlam</span> <span class="nw">hanya mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi cahaya, kumparan bel</span>
<span class="nw">listrik hanya mengubah dan energi listrik menjadi energi gerak
sehingga</span> <span class="nw">menimbulkan suara. Elemen pada setrika listrik
hanya mengubah energi</span> <span class="nw">listrik menjadi energi panas. Jadi,
ketiganya merupakan perubahan fisika</span> <span class="nw">karena pada
perubahan mi materi hanya bertindak sebagai penghantar</span> <span class="nw">aliran
energi.</span> </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: center 239.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Kimia</span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arang hasil pembakaran gula tidak dapat</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="nw">di</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kembalikan menjadi
gula. Demikian juga pada</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">pembakaran</span>
kertas, kertas yang terbakar, lilin mele</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">l</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eh
dan kertas terbakar <span class="nw">menghasilka</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
abu, asap, dan gas. Zat-zat hasil pembakara</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
kertas tersebut</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">tidak dapat di</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kembalikan menjadi kertas. Bagaimana dengan lilin
yang</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">terbakar? Pada
pembakaran lilin, ada lilin yang terbakar dan ada lilin</span> <span class="nw">yang
meleleh. Lilin yang meleleh termasuk perubahan fisika karena tidak</span> <span class="nw">me</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ghasilkan zat baru. Adapun pada lilin yang terbakar,
lilin tersebut</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">berubah menjadi
asap dan gas yang tidak terlihat oleh mata. Asap dan gas</span> <span class="nw">yang
dihasilkan tidak dapat dikembalikan menjadi lilin. Perubahan-perubahan</span> <span class="nw">tersebut termasuk perubahan kimia. Pada perubahan kimia dihasilkan</span>
<span class="nw">senyawa baru yang sifatnya berbeda dengan senyawa asal.</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
kimia, yaitu perubahan materi yang menghasilkan zat baru.<br />
Misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> besi berkarat, kayu
terbakar, buah menjadi busuk, dan lain-lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam perubahan kimia
tidak hanya mengalami perubahan wujud, juga mengalami perubahan zat tetapi
tidak mengalami perubahan massa. Perubahan kimia terjadi karena materi
mempunyai sifat-s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fat
kimia. Perubahan kimia disebut juga reaksi kimia.<br />
Reaksi kimia yang terjadi pada suatu zat dapat diketahui berdasarkan
tanda-tanda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gejala-gejala
yang menyertai reaksi tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-
gejala atau tanda-tanda yang menyertai reaksi kimia adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
Terjadi perubahan warna, misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> buah menjadi masak, besi berkarat, roti menjadi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gosong, dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi
perubahan suhu, misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
singkong menjadi tape, kedelai menjadi tempe, karbid disiram air, dan
lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
gas, misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
kertas dibakar, kompor menyala, karbid disiram air, sampah membusuk, dan
lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 372.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terbentuk endapan, misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> susu menjadi basi,
minyak menjadi tengik, batu kapur disiram air, dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Kimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari dapat
terjadi karena adanya pembakaran, pengaratan,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembusukan, fermentasi,
pemasakan, fotosintesis, dan pengenziman. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
Kimia karena Pembakaran </span></div>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span class="nw">Pembakaran merupakan reaksi kimia antara
materi yang terbakar</span> <span class="nw">dan gas oksigen. Pembakaran
disebabkan adanya api. Selain</span> <span class="nw">menghasilkan abu dan gas,
pembakaran materi juga menghasilkan</span> <span class="nw">energi. Misalnya,
pembakaran lilin menghasilkan energi cahaya dan</span> <span class="nw">pembakaran
bensin, solar menghasilkan energi gerak. Dalam kehidupan</span> <span class="nw">sehari-hari,
banyak ditemukan peristiwa jenis reaksi kimia ini. Misalnya,</span> <span class="nw">kayu, kertas, lilin, bensin, atau solar dibakar atau bom yang meledak.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span class="ib"> </span>Perubahan Kimia karena Pengaratan </span></div>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span class="nw">Pengaratan merupakan reaksi kimia antara</span>
<span class="nw">besi, gas oksigen, dan air. Reaksi kimia ini</span> <span class="nw">menghasilkan karat yang secara umum</span> <span class="nw">merupakan</span>
oksida logam. Pengaratan merupakan perubahan kimia karena Kompor berkarat m<span class="nw">enghasilkan zat baru. Besi (Fe) berubah menjadi karat besi</span> <span class="nw">(Fe2O3.nH2O). Sifat besi dan karat besi berbeda. Besi pagar yang</span>
<span class="nw">berkarat akan rapuh dan mudah runtuh. Begitu juga dengan atap
seng.</span> <span class="nw">Istilah yang digunakan untuk reaksi antara logam
(selain besi), gas</span> <span class="nw">oksigen, dan air adalah korosi. Atap
seng yang berkorosi akan mudah</span> <span class="nw">bocor jika terjadi hujan.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span class="ib"> </span>Perubahan Kimia karena Pembusukan </span></div>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span class="nw">Pembusukan merupakan reaksi kimia yang</span> <span class="nw">diakibatkan mikroorganisme. Pada pembusukan,</span> <span class="nw">makanan
berubah menjadi makanan yang berbau,</span> <span class="nw">berlendir, dan
terkadang mengeluarkan gas. Misalnya,</span> <span class="nw">nasi yang basi atau
roti yang berjamur. Kedua makanan yang membusuk</span> <span class="nw">tersebut
tidak dapat berubah kembali seperti semula. Oleh karena itu,</span> <span class="nw">nasi yang basi dan roti yang berjamur telah mengalami perubahan kimia.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span class="ib"> </span>Perubahan Kimia karena Fermentasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fermentasi hampir sama dengan pembusukan, yaitu
reaksi kimia karena pengaruh mikroorganisme. Pembusukan <span class="nw">merupakan</span>
<span class="nw">perubahan kimia yang merugikan karena materi</span> <span class="nw">menjadi rusak dan terbuang, sedangkan fermentasi</span> <span class="nw">merupakan perubahan kimia yang menguntungkan.</span> <span class="nw">Fermentasi
termasuk perubahan kimia karena makanan yang</span> <span class="nw">difermentasi
akan lebih lunak, lebih harum, dan rasanya berbeda.</span> <span class="nw">Misalnya,
pada pembuatan tape ketan dan tape singkong. Tape ketan</span> <span class="nw">terbuat
dan beras ketan, sedangkan tape singkong terbuat dan singkong.</span> <span class="nw">Dengan cara fermentasi, beras ketan dan singkong berubah menjadi tape.</span>
<span class="nw">Tape mempunyai sifat yang berbeda dengan bahan pembuatnya.
Selain</span> <span class="nw">itu, tape tidak dapat dikembalikan menjadi beras
ketan atau singkong</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN">, </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">asi basi,</span><span lang="IN"> p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">embuatan kecap</span><span lang="IN">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin yang terdapat banyak dipasaran
kebanyakan terbuat dari paraffin (paraffin wax).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paraffin adalah campuran dari Alkane
(ikatan rantai molekul atom karbon dan atom hidrogen yang panjang) yang didapat
dari minyak bumi. Paraffin akan meleleh pada suhu 50-60°C.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Parafifin tidak dapat dinyalakan
begitu saja dengan korek api. Untuk dapat terbakar paraffin membutuhkan temperatur
tertentu dan sumbu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pa yang terjadi, bila lilin diyalakan?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Begitu sumbu lilin menyala, paraffin
wax akan mencair.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan efek kapilaritas cairan wax akan ditransportasi naik
keatas melalui sumbu ke nyala api.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panas api menyebabkan cairan wax
menguap dan selanjutnya akan bercampur dengan oksigen sehingga terjadi proses
pembakaran.Dalam proses pembakaran tersebut akan dihasilkan gas hasil
pembakaran yang panas (CO2, H20,CO).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas hasil pembakaran ini memiliki
masa jenis yang lebih ringan dari udara sekitarnya (udara yang panas akan lebih
ringan dari udara yang dingin).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan temperatur udara ini
menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan tekanan udara, sehingga gas hasil pembakaran
yang panas akan mengalir keatas (konveksi) dan udara dingin dibawahnya akan
ditarik (dihisap).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konveksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas hasil pembakaran (warna
merah=panas) naik keatas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara segar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Oksigen ditarik dari bawah (warna biru=dingin)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konveksi ini menimbulkan efek, yang
dikenal dengan nama efek chimney (efek cerobong).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek ini menyebabkan nyala api dapat
dipasok terus menerus dengan udara baru, sehingga proses pembakaran dapat terus
berlangsung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyala
lilin akan padam jika pasokan oksigen kurang dari 16%.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek inilah yang menyebabkan udara
mengalir ke atas, sehingga menyebabkan nyala api ke arah atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ini semua tentunya berlaku bagi
semua proses pembakaran yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dipengaruhi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">oleh gaya gravitasi (gaya tarik bumi).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenomena mengenai proses pembakaran
lilin ini sudah dibahas oleh Michael Faraday (ilmuwan ahli fisika dan kimia
dari Inggris) tahun 186</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan
Bahan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan yang digunakan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LIlin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat Lilin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korek Api</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaris</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Kerja </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan lilin,
korek api dan penggaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur panjang
lilin menggunakan penggaris (sebelum dibakar), dan amati juga kualitas dari
lilin tersebut menggunakan indera pengelihatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakar lilin
menggunakan korek api dan ukur berapa ketinggian lilin saat dibakar, dari 5
menit pertama sampai 25 menit, dan amati juga kualitas dari lilin tersebut
menggunakan indera pengelihatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dibakar,
lilin dimatikan dan ukur kembali lilin menggunakan penggaris, serta amati juga
kualitas dari lilin tersebut menggunakan indera pengelihatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" width="227"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kualitas / Indera</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuantitatif / Alat Ukur</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum dibakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin
putih / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18,5 cm /
penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
lilin putih / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5 cm /
penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin
putih+sumbu / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20 cm / penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diameter
lilin / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,8 cm /
penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
lilin silinder / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat dibakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin
putih / Mata </span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menit ke 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
lilin : 17,5 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
api : 1,7 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menit ke 10</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
lilin : 16,5 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
api : 3,5 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menit ke 15</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
lilin : 16 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
api : 3,8 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menit ke 20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
lilin : 15,5 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
api : 3 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menit ke 25</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
lilin : 15 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi
api : 3,5 cm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Api
kuning biru / Mata</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 83.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
lilin mulai menghitam / Mata</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dibakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lilin
putih / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">14 cm / penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bara api
pada sumbu / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asap dari
sumbu / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumbu
lilin hitam / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5 cm /
penggaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.0cm;" valign="top" width="227"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
lelehan lilin hanya di bagian atas / Mata</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi adalah sesuatu yang menempati ruang dan menempati
massa. Materi sering juga disebut zat atau bahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah zat digunakan untuk sejumlah
materi yang sangat spesifik (tertentu) sifat-sifatnya, contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gula, garam dapur, air dan
sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah
bahan digunakan untuk sejumlah materi yang kurang spesifik, contoh; kayu,
beras, kertas, sirop dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Materi di alam terdapat dalam tiga
wujud, yaitu wujud gas, padat dan cair, contoh air dapat berwujud cair, gas
(uap air) dan padat (es). Setiap materi mempunyai sifat-sifat yang berbeda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembakaran
lilin dapat digolongkan dalam perubahan materi. </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan Materi</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">materi akan mengalami
perubahan. Perubahan materi meliputi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan fisika, yaitu perubahan materi
yang tidak menghasilkan zat baru.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya
lilin dipanaskan, batu es mencair, besi meleleh, dan lain-lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya perubahan
fisika hanya mengalami perubahan wujud dan yang disertai dengan peerrubahan
energi. Perubahan fisika terjadi karena materi memiliki sifat fisika.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sedangkan p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">erubahan kimia,
yaitu perubahan materi yang menghasilkan zat baru.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya besi berkarat,
kayu terbakar, buah menjadi busuk, dan lain-lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam perubahan kimia
tidak hanya mengalami perubahan wujud, juga mengalami perubahan zat tetapi
tidak mengalami perubahan massa. Perubahan kimia terjadi karena materi
mempunyai sifat-sfat kimia. Perubahan kimia disebut juga reaksi kimia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi kimia yang
terjadi pada suatu zat dapat diketahui berdasarkan tanda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanda/gejala-gejala
yang menyertai reaksi tersebut.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala-
gejala atau tanda-tanda yang menyertai reaksi kimia adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi perubahan
warna, misalnya; buah menjadi masak, besi berkarat, roti menjadi gosong, dan
lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi perubahan suhu,
misalnya; singkong menjadi tape, kedelai menjadi tempe, karbid disiram air, dan
lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk gas, misalnya;
kertas dibakar, kompor menyala, karbid disiram air, sampah membusuk, dan
lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk endapan,
misalnya; susu menjadi basi, minyak menjadi tengik, batu kapur disiram</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">air, dan lain-lain.</span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyalakan
sumbu lilin,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">lilin ada yang terbakar
dan ada pula yang meleleh.</span> <span class="nw">Lilin dan basil lelehannya
berwarna putih dan</span> <span class="nw">rapuh. Demikian juga dengan peleburan
besi.</span> <span class="nw">Batang besi yang dipanaskan berubah menjadi</span> <span class="nw">besi cair. Cairan tersebut dialirkan ke dalam Lilin</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">meleleh cetakan.
Kemudian, dibiarkan dingin hingga terbentuk besi padat. <span class="nw">Penjelasan-penjelasan
tersebut merupakan contoh-contoh perubahan</span> <span class="nw">fisika.</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada hasil
pengamatan yang dilakukan ada 3 percobaan yaitu fase sebelum dibakar, saat
dibakar dan setelah dibakar, dengan cara menentukan kualitas/indera dan
kuantitatif/alat ukur. Pertama-tama, untuk fase sebelum dibakar lilin berwarna
putih dan tingginya 18,5 cm, sumbu lilin 1,5 cm, lilin putih+sumbu dengan
tinggi 20 cm, dan bentuk lilin adalah silinder. Untuk fase saat dibakar
kualitas/indera lilin berwarna putih, api berwarna kuning dan sumbu lilin mulai
menghitam, dan untuk kuantitatif alat ukur, pada menit ke 5 tinggi lilin 17,5
cm dan tinggi api 1,7 cm, pada menit ke 10 tinggi lilin 16,5 cm dan tinggi api
3,5 cm, pada menit ke 15 </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tinggi
lilin 16 cm dan tinggi api 3,8 cm, pada menit ke 20 tinggi lilin 15,5 cm dan
tinggi api 3 cm, pada menit ke 25 tinggi lilin 15 cm dan tinggi api 3,5 cm.
Sedangkan, untuk fase setelah dibakar tinggi lilin 14 cm dan sumbu lilin 1,5
cm, dan terdapat bara api pada sumbu, asap serta lelehan lilin hanya di bagian
atas lilin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah diperoleh data
diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa lilin yang tadinya utuh, setelah dibakar
(dihidupkan) selama 2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
menit, panjang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sumbunya
berubah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">anjang
lilin menjadi berkurang karena sebagian lilin mencair. Begitu juga panjang
sumbu, panjang sumbu berkurang karena sebagian yang terbakar beruubah menjadi
abu. Untuk warna lilin terlihat sebagian tercampur warna hitam. Hal ini
dikarenakan abu dari sumbu jatuh ke lilin, bisa juga karena tercampur dengan
asap hitam dari sumbu (jelaga). Untuk sumbunya sendiri ketika pembakaran
dimulai langsung berubah warna menjadi hitam. Ada kemungkinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IX.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-72218303422800595342012-06-02T20:30:00.000-07:002012-06-27T02:48:42.844-07:00pembuktian asam basa dan unsur hara pada abu tanaman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.65pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 232.75pt;" valign="top" width="310"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
: Novi Puspita Widiananda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM
: ACC 110 058</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul
Percobaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : “Pembuktian Asam Basa dan Unsur Hara Pada Abu
Tanaman”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengidentifikasi sifat air abu
tanaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengidentifikasi unsur hara pada
abu tanaman</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar
Teori</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam basa merupakan salah satu sifat suatu zat baik yang berbentuk
larutan maupun non pelarut.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat larutan asam basa :</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
asam basa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menurut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arrhenius</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">asam: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">zat yang melarut dan
mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion Hidrogen (H<sup>+</sup>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">basa:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> zat yang melarut dan
mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion hidroksida (OH<sup>-</sup>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator adalah alat
untuk mengetahui apakah suatu larutan bersifat asam atau basa. Sedangkan
indikator asam basa adalah suatu senyawa organik yang dipakai untuk mengetahui
titik akhir titrasi asam basa. Beberapa indikator asam basa antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas Lakmus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lakmus adalah asam
lemah lakmus memiliki molekul yang sungguh rumit yang akan kita sederhanakan
menjadi H <sub>Lit</sub>. “H” adalah proton yang dapat diberikan kepada yang
lain. “Lit” adalah molekul asam lemah. Lakmus yang tidak terionisasi adalah
merah, ketika terionisasi adalah biru.</span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 229.85pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 1.2pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas lakmus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Basa</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.65pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nertal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merah
= Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 229.9pt; mso-element-top: 1.2pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biru = Biru</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img alt="LAKMUS" height="99" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="131" /></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jingga metal (methyl orange)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jingga metal adalah
salah satu indikator yang banyak digunakan dalam titrasi. Pada larutan yang
bersifat basa, jingga metal berwarna kuning. Pada kasus jingga metal pada
setengah tingkat dimana campuran merah dan kuning menghasilkan warna jingga
terjadi pada pH 3 - 4,5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenolftalen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenolftalen adalah
indikator titrasi yang lain yang sering digunakan dan fenolftalen ini merupakan
bentuk asam lemah yang lain. Pada kasus ini, asam lemah tidak berwarna dan
ionnya berwarna merah muda terang. Penambahan ion hidrogen berlebih menggeser
posisi kesetimbangan kearah kiri dan mengubah indikator menjadi tak berwarna.
Peenambahan ion hidroksida menghilangkan ion hidrogen dan kesetimbangan yang
mengarah ke kanan untuk menggantikannya atau mengubah indikator menjadi merah
muda. Range pH berkisar antara 8 – 10.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator universal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikator universal adalah gabungan dari beberapa indikator.
Larutan indikator universal yang biasa digunakan dalam laboratorium terdiri
dari metal jingga (trayek : 2,9-4,0), metal merah (trayek : 4,2-6,3), bromtimol
biru (trayek : 6,0-7,6), dan fenolftalein (trayek : 8,3-10,0).
Indikator-indikator itu memberi warna yang berbeda bergantung pada pH larutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
warna pada tanaman merupakan senyawa organik berwarna seperti dimiliki oleh
indikator sintetis. Karakteristik bunga yang baik digunakan sebagai indikator
pH yaitu bunga yang masih segar berwarna tua digunakan hanya mahkota bunga
sedangkan benang sari dan putik tidak digunakan. Pada pembuatan indikator cair
bunga dicuci dengan air mengalir agar bersih juga dimaksudkan agar pigmen warna
bunga tidak ikut larut dalam air. Bunga yang sudah dicuci kemudian dipotong kecil-kecil
untuk memperluas permukaan bunga sehingga proses pelarutan bunga lebih efektif.
Semakin luas permukaan bunga maka semakin banyak pigmen warna bunga yang larut
pada proses pelarutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk
gergaji merupakan produk sampingan dari industri pengolahan kayu non kertas.
Ringan Mudah dibentuk hanya dengan menambahkan sedikit air dan mampu menyimpan
air dalam jumlah banyak. Dapat menyimpan zat hara seperti halnya tanah.
Memiliki porositas yang cukup tinggi namun bisa diatur kepadatannya hingga
mencapai tingkat porositas dengan mengatur rasio pemberian air. Namun serbuk
gergaji juga punya banyak kekurangan yaitu mudah dijangkiti jamur sehingga
dapat memakan akar tanaman akibat aktivitas jamur yang dapat menghasilkan
temperatur yang tinggi. Perlu pemantauan, karena ketika serbuk gergaji dalam
keadaan sangat kering, sifat granulanya akan muncul sehingga dapat mengurangi
kemampuan dalam menyokong akar tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaleng</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
kimia</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
kimia </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100
ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plat
tetes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
penyaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatula</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lumpang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.95pt;" valign="top" width="153"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunga
karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kembang
sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kunyit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abu
tanaman </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">80
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapur
sirih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">50
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cuka</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 136.2pt;" valign="top" width="182"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
galon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 4.0cm;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">100
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membakar
sampah organik (serpihan kayu) sampai menjadi abu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan
abu hasil pembakaran dalam wadah kaleng</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencampurkan
abu dengan air dengan perbandingan 1:2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengendapankan
larutan selama 1 malam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyaring
filtrat dengan endapannya, kemudian menguji dengan indikator alami seperti
bunga karamunting, kembang sepatu dan kunyit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amati
warnanya dan tentukan sifat filtrate abu tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
perbandingan untuk menentukan sifat larutan, dapat dibuat dengan membuat
larutan asam (cuka), larutan basa (air kapur), dan larutan netral (air galon)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtrat
yang masih tersisa kemudian di uapkan, jika terdapat endapan, lakukan uji nyala
dengan cara membakar endapan, amati warna pembakaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Air Abu</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang di uji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.1pt;" valign="top" width="285"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna yang
di hasilkan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Abu + Bunga Karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.1pt;" valign="top" width="285"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau lumut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Abu + Kembang sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.1pt;" valign="top" width="285"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau muda kemerahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Abu + Kunyit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.1pt;" valign="top" width="285"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Coklat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cuka</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang di uji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna yang di hasilkan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cuka + bunga karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah muda</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cuka + Kembang sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merah terang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cuka + Kunyit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Air Kapur</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang di uji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna yang di hasillkan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Kapur + bunga karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Coklat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
kehijauan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Kapur + kembang Sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hijau tua
kemerahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air Kapur + Kunyit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Coklat tua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
galon</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Yang di uji</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Warna yang di hasillkan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air galon + bunga karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Coklat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
muda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air galon + kembang Sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Unggu muda</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air galon + Kunyit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.55pt;" valign="top" width="283"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuning tua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan Abu tanaman </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk gergaji merupakan
produk sampingan dari industri pengolahan kayu non kertas. Ringan Mudah
dibentuk hanya dengan menambahkan sedikit air dan mampu menyimpan air dalam
jumlah banyak. Dapat menyimpan zat hara seperti halnya tanah. Memiliki
porositas yang cukup tinggi namun bisa diatur kepadatannya hingga mencapai
tingkat porositas dengan mengatur rasio pemberian air. Namun serbuk gergaji
juga punya banyak kekurangan yaitu mudah dijangkiti jamur sehingga dapat
memakan akar tanaman akibat aktivitas jamur yang dapat menghasilkan temperatur
yang tinggi. Perlu pemantauan, karena ketika serbuk gergaji dalam keadaan sangat
kering, sifat granulanya akan muncul sehingga dapat mengurangi kemampuan dalam
menyokong akar tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu bahan bakar yang paling sederhana untuk memasak dan pemanasan rumah di
musim dingin adalah serbuk gergaji. Produk limbah yang biasanya dibuang dan
dapat diperoleh gratis atau dengan biaya nominal. Serbuk gergaji akan terbakar
dengan baik hanya dalam kompor khusus dibangun yang sangat sederhana untuk
membuat dan praktis tanpa biaya apa-apa. Bahan bakar selalu lampu dengan hanya
satu pertandingan sedemikian unit dan dapat terbakar untuk jangka waktu yang
lama dari enam, delapan atau bahkan dua belas jam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jika diinginkan dengan sekali tidak ada asap,
tidak ada meniup atau mengipasi dan tidak ada pengisian bahan bakar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk gergaji kering digunakan sebagai bahan bakar di sejumlah
besar pabrik mebel, dan yang paling sering, untuk kiln mereka pengeringan. Uap
yang paling sering pengiriman api sedang karena kemampuan transfer energi
panas. Serbuk gergaji kering yang tertiup angin ke tungku pembakaran, mirip
dengan pembangkit tenaga listrik pembakaran batubara besar. Sistem pembakaran
udara pengiriman tidak bisa memaksa udara ke tumpukan barang-barang untuk
pembakaran yang baik. Tapi bisa briket barang dan membakarnya dalam 'mereka,
dan tidak ada, tidak perlu bonding agent jika menggunakan cukup tekanan untuk
melepaskan lignin dalam partikel kayu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan
Pembuktian Asam Basa dan Unsur Hara Pada Abu Tanaman menggunakan indikator
ekstrak kunyit, ekstrak bunga karamunting dan bunga kembang sepatu, serta
larutan air cuka, air kapur, air abu dan air galon. Pada indikator ekstrak
kunyit di campurkan dengan larutan air cuka mula-mula larutan air cuka berwarna
bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak kunyit sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah
menjadi warna kuning dan bersifat asam. Pada indikator ekstrak kunyit di
campurkan dengan larutan air kapur mula-mula larutan air kapur berwarna bening,
setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga karamunting sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah
menjadi warna coklat kehijauan dan bersifat basa. Dan, pada indikator ekstrak
kunyit dicampur dengan larutan air abu mula-mula larutan air abu berwarna
bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak kunyit sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah
menjadi warna coklat dan bersifat basa. Pada indikator ekstrak kunyit dicampur
air galon dengan mula-mula larutan air galon berwarna bening, setelah ditetesi
ekstrak kunyit sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah menjadi warna kuning tua dan
bersifat asam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada indikator kedua
menggunakan bunga karamunting yaitu pada larutan air cuka, air abu, air kapur
dan air galon. Pada air cuka mula-mula larutan air cuka berwarna bening,
setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga karamunting sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah
menjadi warna pinkdan bersifat asam. Pada air kapur mula-mula larutan air kapur
berwarna bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga karamunting sebanyak 5 tetes
larutan berubah menjadi warna coklat kehijauan dan bersifat basa. Pada air abu
mula-mula larutan air abu berwarna bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga
karamunting sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah menjadi warna hijau lumut dan bersifat
basa. Dan, pada air galon mula-mula larutan air galon berwarna bening, setelah
ditetesi ekstrak bunga karamunting sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah menjadi
warna coklat muda dan bersifat asam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada indikator ketiga
menggunakan bunga kembang sepatu yaitu pada larutan air cuka, air abu, air
kapur dan air galon. Pada air cuka mula-mula larutan air cuka berwarna bening,
setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga kembang sepatu sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah
menjadi warna pink tua dan bersifat asam. Pada air kapur mula-mula larutan air
kapur berwarna bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga kembang sepatu sebanyak 5
tetes larutan berubah menjadi warna hijau tua kemerahan dan bersifat basa. Pada
air abu mula-mula larutan air abu berwarna bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak
bunga kembang sepatu sebanyak 5 tetes larutan berubah menjadi warna hijau muda
kemerahan dan bersifat basa. Pada air galon mula-mula larutan air abu berwarna
bening, setelah ditetesi ekstrak bunga kembang sepatu sebanyak 5 tetes larutan
berubah menjadi warna hijau muda kemerahan dan bersifat basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan Unsur Hara pada Abu Tanaman </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan langkah
kerja terakhir, filtrat yang masih tersisa diuapkan, dan terdapat endapan
kemudian kita uji nyala dengn cara membakar endapan, warna api yang terlihat
adalah kuning dan terdapat sedikit percikan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan abu
tanaman mengandung karbon dan kalium (logam alkali gol.IA).Logam alkali
memiliki sifat sangat reaktif. Logam alkali mempunyai spektrum emisi warna.
Karena itulah ketika abu tanaman dipanaskan di atas nyala api, maka akan tampak
warna kuning. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan Uji nyala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
Na yang berasal dari NaCl merupakan logam alkali yang memiliki sifat
karakteristik warna nyala , ketika NaCl (garam dapur) di panaskan di atas nyala
api warna api “kuning”. Hal ini di karenakan struktur atom Na tersusun dari
inti yang dikelilingi oleh-oleh elektron-elektron. Elektron-elektron berada
pada keadaan diskrit. Apabila atom Na di panaskan, elektron dapat tereksitasi atau
pindah ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi. Sewaktu pemanasan berhenti elektron
tersebut kembali ke tingkat energi awal , di sertai pancaran cahaya dalam
bentuk foton atau paket energi dengan frekuensi atau panjang gelombang
tertentu.Dapat dilihat bahwa warna nyala yang diberikan logam dalam bentuk
senyawa sama dengan warna nyala loga dalam bentuk unsur. Hal tersebut dapat
dipahami dari tes nyala senyawa NaCl. Meski dalam fasa padat senyawa NaCl
tersusun dari ion-ion Na<sup>+</sup> dan Cl<sup>-</sup> , namun pada suhu
tinggi akan menjadi atom Na dan Cl. Elektron elektron pada Na ini akan
tereksitasi dan kembali ketingkat energi
awalnya dengan memancarkan cahaya dengan warna yang khas untuk logam Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">VIII.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah diperoleh data
diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebelum dipanaskan serbuk gergaji berwarna
orange-kecoklatan dan baunya hanya khas bau kayu saja. Sedangkan pada saat
dipanaskan di atas kompor serbuk gergaji menguap dan dihidupkan api di atas
lubang kaleng tersebut dengan waktu 23 menit, yang terjadi api tersebut tidak
dapat menyala karena dari dalam lubang tersebut mengeluarkan uap terus-menerus
yang berupa air, sehingga api tidak bisa menyala. Setelah selesai dipanaskan,
kaleng yang berisi serbuk gergaji diangkat dan kaleng tersebut dibuka, dari
dalam kaleng tersebut menguap mengeluarkan asap yang berbau, yang terjadi pada
permukaan atas serbuk belerang warnanya masih berwarna semula, namun pada
permukaan bawahnya serbuk belerang tersebut berwarna coklat-kehitam-hitaman dan
Padanya kandungan karbon di dalamnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">IX.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad,
hiskia.2001. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Penuntun Belajar Kimia
Dasar Kimia Larutan</b>. Bandung : Citra Aditya Bakti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keenan,dkk. 1984. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kimia Untuk Universitas</b>. Jakarta :
Erlangga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Khopkar,
S. M. 2007. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Konsep-konsep Kimia Analitik</b>
penerjemah A. Saporahardjo. Jakarta : Universitas Indonesia press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Petrruci,
Ralph H. 1987. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan
Terapan Modern</b> (terjemahan : A. Suminar), edisi ke-4, jilid II. Erlangga :
Jakarta.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/asam_dan_basa/pembentukan-konsep-asam-dan-basa/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/asam_dan_basa/pembentukan-konsep-asam-dan-basa/</span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lampiran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Foto
hasil percobaan praktikum “Pembuktian Asam Basa dan Unsur Hara Pada Abu Tanaman”</span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="133" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="152" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
abu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="133" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="144" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
air kapur</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="155" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="158" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
galon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="155" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="145" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">cuka</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="146" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="151" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
bunga karamunting</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="151" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="151" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
kunyit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="145" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" width="151" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
bunga kembang sepatu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" width="162" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguji
asam basa</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="128" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="167" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembakaran
kayu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="139" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" width="162" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengendapan
abu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="119" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" width="167" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
abu setelah disaring</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="119" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" width="165" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dipanaskan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.75pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="128" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg" width="157" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abu
yang dipanaskan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 211.1pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img border="0" height="128" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg" width="169" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">menyala ketika dimasukkan korek api</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2996217499343456927.post-44957139864841950012012-06-02T20:23:00.001-07:002012-06-27T02:45:40.582-07:00laporan kromatografi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama : Novi Puspita Widiananda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NIM : ACC 110 058</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LAPORAN
KROMATOGRAFI KERTAS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
Kromatografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi adalah metode yang digunakan untuk memisahkan
komponen dalam sampel, dimana komponen tersebut didistribusikan diantara dua
fasa yaitu fasa diam dan fasa gerak/mobil. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fasa diam berupa padatan/cair yang
dilapiskan pada padatan/gel. Pada pemisahan ini senyawa-senyawa yang akan
dipisahkan ditempatkan dalam sistem yang bergerak mengalir melalui suatu sistem
yang diam, dan selama pengaliran fasa mobil akan terjadi pelarutan, adsorpsi,
dan penguapan. Pada prinsipnya semua cara pemisahan kromatografi mengalami
proses yang sama yaitu adanya distribusi komponen-komponen dalam fasa diam dan
fasa gerak dengan memanfaatkan perbedaan-perbedaan sifat-sifat fisik komponen
yang hendak dipisahkan (Mulja, 1995). Perbedaaan sifat tersebut diantaranya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan
yang berbeda terhadap suatu pelarut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
untuk bertaut (adsorpsi) yang berbeda satu sama lain dengan suatu serbuk bahan padat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
dapat menguap pada temperatur yang berbeda satu sama lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
asas terjadinya proses pemisahan maka kromatografi dibedakan menjadi 4
(Mulja, 1995), yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
dengan asas adsorpsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
jenis ini menggunakan fasa diam padat dan fasa gerak cair atau gas. Pemisahan
komponen-komponennya akan sangat bergantung pada perbedaan polaritas
molekul-molekul yang akan dipisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
dengan asas partisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
jenis ini memakai fasa diam cair dan fasa gerak cair. Pemisahan
komponen-komponen akan sangat tergantung pada perbedaan Kd (Koefisien
distribusi) molekul-molekul yang dipisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi dengan asas filtrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
jenis ini memakai fasa padat yang mempunyai sifat filtrasi terhadap komponen
yang mempunyai massa molekul relatif (Mr) yang tinggi dan fasa padat tersebut
dimiliki oleh gel atau sejenisnya sedangkan fasa geraknya adalah cairan.
Kromatografi dengan dasar filtrasi ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan bentuk
(struktur dan ukuran molekul).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi
dengan asas suhu kritik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
dasarnya merupakan pengembangan dari kromatografi gas, sebagai fasa mobil
dipakai CO<sub>2</sub> dalam keadaan superkritik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara teori, pemisahan kromatografi yang paling baik akan
diperoleh jika fase diam mempunyai luas permukaan sebesar-besarnya sehingga
terjadi keseimbangan yang baik antara fase gerak dan fase diam. Persyaratan
kedua agar pemisahan baik adalah fase gerak bergerak dengan cepat sehingga
difusi yang terjadi sekecil-kecilnya. Untuk memperoleh permukaan fase diam yang
luas, maka penjerap atau fase diam harus berupa serbuk halus. Sedangkan untuk
memaksa fase gerak bergerak cepat melalui fase diam yang berupa serbuk halus,
harus digunakan tekanan tinggi. Persyaratan tersebut menghasilkan teknik <i>high
pressure liquid chromatography</i>, yang selanjutnya lebih dikenal sebagai <i>high
performance liquid chromatography</i> (HPLC) atau kromatografi cair kinerja
tinggi (Gritter <i>et al</i>., 1991).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi kertas
diterapkan untuk analisis campuran asam amino dengan sukses besar. Karena asam
amino memiliki sifat yang sangat mirip, dan asam-asam amino larut dalam air dan
tidak mudah menguap (tidak mungkin didistilasi), pemisahan asam amino adalah
masalah paling sukar yang dihadapi kimiawan di akhir abad 19 dan awal abad 20.
Jadi penemuan kromatografi kertas merupakan berita sangat baik bagi mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa
Ketika dicelupkan ke air</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peristiwa
yang terjadi adalah ketika kertas saring yang ditetesi sampel dicelupkan ke
air, sampel di kertas komponen (kromatografi) dalam sampel dimana komponen tersebut
didistribusikan diantara dua fasa, yaitu fasa diam dan fasa gerak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
pengertian dari Kromatografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui asas dari percobaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
ini menggunakan Kromatografi kertas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui bahan pewarna pada tinta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">saos ABC</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">saos jajanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
dampak dari menggunakan bahan pewarna pada sampel percobaan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Percobaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
kromatografi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">20
x 20 cm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah
(mangkuk kecil)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaris</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pensil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1
buah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos
ABC</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos
(gedung M)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos
(gedung Tep)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinta
print (hitam)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinta
print (biru)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secukupnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">600
ml</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di siapkan alat dan bahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di letakan ke lima bahan tersebut di
wadahnya masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk kertas kromatografi, di potong
sebesar 20 x 20 cm dan di beri tanda titik setiap jarak 3 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di ambil ke lima bahan tadi dengan
menggunakan lidi teteskan secukupnya di kertas kromatografi yang sudah diberi
tanda titik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian, di celupkan kromatografi
kertas tersebut kedalam air dan di amati apa yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun hasil pengamatan dari
percobaan ini</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 633px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur kerja</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan
alat dan bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakan
ke lima bahan tersebut di wadahnya masing-masing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
kertas kromatografi, di potong menjadi beberapa bagian dan di beri tanda
titik setiap jarak 3 cm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambil
ke lima bahan tadi dengan menggunakan lidi tetesin secukupnya di kertas
kromatografi yang sudah diberi tanda titik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian,
celupkan kromatografi kertas tersebut kedalam air dan amati apa yang terjadi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampel
yang digunakan</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos
ABC Saos di gedung M</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos
di gedung Tinta Hitam Tinta Biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tep</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian
di tetesi sampel ke kertas kromatografi menggunakan lidi dan dicelupkan ke
dalam air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 58.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 44.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
setelah dicelupkan.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam percobaan ini,
yang digunakan adalah kromatografi kertas. kromatografi jenis yang memakai fasa
diam cair dan fasa gerak cair atau asas partisi. Dalam percobaan ini mengambil
sempel saos ABC dan saos jajanan serta tinta. Dalam Kromatografi kertas ini
menggunakan asas partisi, ekstraksi terjadi berulang dalam satu kali proses. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pigmen tinta terlihat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kelarutannya terhadap pelarut (air) besar dan daya
serapnya tinggi, sedangkan untuk saos ABC kelarutannya sangat kecil dan daya
serapnya rendah, dan untuk saos yang biasa digunakan untuk jajanan (pentol,
gorengan) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki
kelarutan yang cukup besar dan daya serap cukup tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari warna sampel yang digunakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat membedakan mana yang mengandung pewarna alami dan
mana yang pewarna sintetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna yang menggunakan pewarna alami biasanya daya serap
terhadap pelarut sangat lambat sehingga kelarutan kecil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan warna bahan makanan yang menggunakan bahan
sintetik daya serapnya tinggi terlihat dari penyebaran warna yang hampir sama
mendekati dengan daya serab pada bahan pewarna tinta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Untuk fasa diam pada percobaan kromatografi yaitu tinta biru, tinta hitam, saos
ABC, dan saos jajanan. Sedangkan untuk fasa geraknya yaitu air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saos tomat merupakan
salah satu bentuk olahan yang dipergunakan sebagai bahan penyedap makanan, saos
tomat adalah bubur kental yang diperoleh dari pengolahan daging buah tomat yang
masak dan segar dengan penambahan bumbu-bumbu dan digunakan sebagai penyedap
makanan. Pewarna makanan merupakan bahan tambahan pangan yang dapat memperbaiki
penampakan makanan. Penambahan bahan pewarna makanan mempunyai beberapa tujuan
di antaranya adalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi kesan menarik bagi konsumen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyeragamkan dan menstabilkan warna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serta menutupi perubahan warna akibat
proses pengolahan dan penyimpanan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara garis besar pewarna dibedakan menjadi dua,
yaitu pewarna alami dan sintetik. Pewarna Alami adalah zat warna alami (pigmen)
yang diperoleh dari tumbuhan, hewan, atau dari sumber-sumber mineral.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewarna
alami yang dikenal di antaranya adalah daun suji (warna hijau), daun jambu/daun
jati (warna merah), dan kunyit untuk pewarna kuning. Kelemahan pewarna alami
ini adalah warnanya yang tidak homogen dan ketersediaannya yang terbatas, sedangkan
kelebihannya adalah pewarna ini aman untuk dikonsumsi. Sedangkan, Pewarna
sintetik</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mempunyai kelebihan, yaitu warnanya homogen dan
penggunaannya sangat efisien karena hanya memerlukan jumlah yang sangat
sedikit. Akan tetapi, kekurangannya adalah jika pada saat proses terkontaminasi
logam berat, pewarna jenis ini akan berbahaya.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek negatifnya
yaitu dapat menyebabkan iritasi lambung, alergi, bersifat karsinogenik
(menyebabkan kanker) dan bersifat mutagen (menyebabkan perubahan fungsi
sel/jaringan), serta orang yang mengonsumsinya akan muntah, diare bercampur
darah, kencing bercampur darah, dan kematian yang disebabkan adanya kegagalan
peredaran darah. Bila menguap di udara, berupa gas yang tidak berwarna, dengan
bau yang tajam menyesakkan, sehingga merangsang hidung, tenggorokan, dan mata.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan makanan yang
dilarang yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rhodamin
B</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rhodamin B
adalah pewarna sintetis yang digunakan pada industri tekstil dan kertas.
Rhodamin B berbentuk serbuk kristal merah keunguan dan dalam larutan akan
berwarna merah terang berpendar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
Pewarna Kuning Metanil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat pewarna
kuning metanil adalah pewarna sintetis yang digunakan pada industri tekstil dan
cat berbentuk serbuk atau padat yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, pada percobaan
menggunakan sampel saos ABC maupun saos jajanan serta tinta menggunakan bahan
pewarna sintetik. Yang pada umumnya berbahaya bagi manusia yang mengkonsumsinya
apa bila berlebih. Namun, untuk saos ABC bahan pewarnanya masih aman untuk dikonsumsi
walaupun terdapat sedikit bahan pewarna sintetik didalamnya. Ini dapat dilihat dari pengertian bahan
sintetik adalah bahan pewarna buatan. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari percobaan ini dapat
disimpulkan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kromatografi adalah metode yang digunakan
untuk memisahkan komponen dalam sampel, dimana komponen tersebut
didistribusikan diantara dua fasa yaitu fasa diam dan fasa gerak/mobil.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Percobaan
kromatografi kertas dengan sampel saos ABC dan jajanan serta tinta menggunakan
A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">artisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada fasa diam
cair pada fasa bergerak cair</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan
pewarna pada saos ABC maupun saos jajanan serta tinta yang digunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merupakan bahan pewarna sintetik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Namun, bahan pewarna pada saos ABC hanya sedikit mengandung bahan sintetik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak
dari menggunakan bahan pewarna sintetik yaitu dapat menyebabkan iritasi
lambung, alergi, bersifat karsinogenik (menyebabkan kanker) dan bersifat
mutagen (menyebabkan perubahan fungsi sel/jaringan), serta orang yang
mengonsumsinya akan muntah, diare bercampur darah, kencing bercampur darah, dan
kematian yang disebabkan adanya kegagalan peredaran darah. Bila menguap di
udara, berupa gas yang tidak berwarna, dengan bau yang tajam menyesakkan,
sehingga merangsang hidung, tenggorokan, dan mata.</span></div>
</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04352115785813008895noreply@blogger.com0